碳“智能足迹”案例研究——外文翻译

Carbon Brainprint Case Study

      

The Carbon Brainprint project was supported by HEFCE under its Leading Sustainable Development in Higher Education program, with support for case studies from Santander Universities. Research Councils UK and the Carbon Trust were members of the steering group, and the Carbon Trust advised on best practice in carbon footprint.

Summary

It is estimated that non-domestic buildings were responsible for 18% of UK total greenhouse gas emissions (582 Mt CO2e/year) in 2010. Of non-domestic building emissions, 34% (36 Mt CO2e/year) was due to lighting, office equipment and catering and 46% (49 Mt CO2e/year) was due to heating.

A team consisting of researchers at the University of Reading, the University’s Facilities Management Directorate and Newera Controls Ltd. conducted two separate investigations to measure and demonstrate the potential for two important and complementary approaches in achieving energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions in buildings. The first focused on influencing user behavior, in an office building on the main campus. The second considered an interventionist approach in an accommodation block at the Henley Business School using intelligent monitoring and control systems. To date, the first investigation has demonstrated a 20% saving in lighting, office equipment and catering energy use, largely through user awareness and behavior change. The second has indicated that savings in heating energy of the order of 24% can be achieved by enhancement of legacy Building Management Systems (BMS) using a Building Energy Management System (BEMS). There is also scope for further savings if the BEMS system is extended to other services such as lighting.

General description

Over the past 20 years many different buildings have been labeled as “intelligent” (Clements- Croome, 2004). Industry has many established intelligent building solutions but finds it difficult to demonstrate and prove their benefits. Intelligent sustainable buildings improve business value because they take into account environmental and social needs, and occupant wellbeing, which leads to improvement in work productivity. The ideal system links the building, systems within it and the occupants so they have some degree of personal control. Intelligent controls help to match demand patterns (Qiao et al., 2006; Noy et al., 2007). It has been demonstrated that effective action on greenhouse gas emissions requires building users to be involved in both the process and the operation, so that they feel part of carbon management of plans. 

An integrated building management system (BMS) allows separate systems to work together, in this case for effective building control. Often, a BMS cannot meet the user expectations due to a number of challenging factors:

·The systems may be wrongly specified because of multiple stakeholders with conflicting requirements.

·The systems have not considered usability.

·It is difficult to reach a consensus on the criteria for optimum performance of the BMS to match the building’s behavior. 

·The lack of compatibility and inter-operability is between different systems. Confounding factors arising from socio-economic and organizational issues can complicate the operation of the BMS. 

A team from the University of Reading School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading Facilities Management Department and Newera Controls Ltd. Conducted two separate investigations to provide examples of reducing emissions through both technical solutions and novel ways of encouraging behavioral change.

The first investigation considered reducing energy use in the Carrington Building at the University of Reading, by influencing the behavior of building users. It is part of a wider energy reduction project involving a number of buildings on the Reading Campus.

The Carrington Building is a modern, three storey office block, completed in September 2007, housing the university’s Student Services. The building is occupied by office-based university staff, students visit the building with queries (e.g. housing, finance etc), and several meeting rooms are available for use by other university staff. The building has several environmental design features, including a ground source heat pump, and was designed to be energy efficient. However, it became apparent that, in practice, the building was not performing as efficiently as anticipated. 

Therefore, during the first academic term of 2009/10, the university’s Facilities Management Directorate (FMD) energy team and Carnego Systems set up a project to investigate the poor energy performance of the building and to determine whether energy savings could be made by influencing user behavior in the building. The key feature of the project was the attempt to complete a feedback cycle that is often missing in the relationship between the building and the users. 

The second investigation took place in the in the Windrush Building on the Geenlands Campus of University of Reading’s Henley Business School (HBS). The building provides a high standard of accommodation for visitors, conference attendees and students of the school. It is used by high-fee paying guests, and the HBS is committed to providing a high standard of accommodation, conforming to the guests’ requirements and perceptions of comfort. The building consists of two blocks, so comparisons could be made by introducing changes to the management of one block. The project was funded by Newera to evaluate the performance of their software suite for the monitoring, diagnosis and control of energy demand and to provide the HBS with indicators of best practice for the reduction of energy use and hence carbon footprint in their estate. In this case, the software was used as an enhancement of an existing legacy BMS, for the monitoring, diagnosis and control of energy demand and hence supply. 

Installation of the software, together with the required sensors and actuators, was completed by Newera at the beginning of November 2009. An initial two week trial was conducted up until the end of November, when a major refurbishment of the accommodation was started. On completion of the refurbishment work, the study resumed at the beginning of October 2010 and is still continuing.

System boundaries

In the case of the Carrington Building, the reductions achieved were due to behavioral changes, the improved use of existing timer systems and the removal of unnecessary electrical items such as vending machines. Therefore, embodied greenhouse gas emissions for the building and the monitoring equipment could be omitted. The work at the Henley Business School included the installation of monitoring and control equipment.

Therefore it was prudent to confirm that the expected emissions from the manufacture of the monitoring system fell below the cut-off limit of 1% by environmental relevance recommended in the carbon brainprint guidance (Parsons & Chatterton, 2011a). The LCA database EcoInvent suggests a value in the region of 10 kg CO2e for an electronic control unit weighing approximately 1 kg .So, even allowing for additional sensors, emissions for the monitoring unit could be omitted.

Data

Monitoring equipment was installed in the Carrington Building during October 2009 to collect detailed energy data. Monitoring was limited to combined measurement of lighting and small power. Due to the electrical layout on the main floors, it would have been prohibitively costly to separate the two items. Data were collected at one minute or five minute intervals and transmitted back to Carnego’s central database and application suite, using a GPRS (mobile phone) connection. The data were available for viewing via a secure online application and for download in csv format for use in other programs. This frequent collection of data gave a very detailed picture of energy use within the building, allowing precise reduction targeting (Figure 1).

Screenshot of detailed energy trace data

User behavior was initially observed during a number of walk-around visits to the building between July 2009 and January 2010. Various observations were made including lighting levels and usage, and user behavior with respect to office equipment. In January 2010, the project team began engaging with the building users. Initially the main focus was with the Building Manager (BM) and the Deputy Building Manager (DBM). The initial conversations concentrated on demonstrating the level of monitoring being carried out and how a detailed energy trace could be used to determine many things about the energy use in the building. It appeared from the baseline data that there was considerable scope for energy savings out- of-hours, at night and over the weekends, and this was the area the project team focused on to achieve the first phase ‘easy win’ reductions. 

The monitoring data also identified a number of other simple interventions, including the removal of vending machines, the use of timer switches for water heaters and coolers, and encouraging behavioral change with respect to building lighting. A new energy efficient upgrade to the lighting system was completed in July 2010, designed to provide further energy savings.

Additional interaction with users took the form of regularly circulated ‘green’ emails from BMs/Project team members to the building users in order to foster a continuing interest in environmental and energy issues, such as use of double-sided photocopying, recycling, the University of Reading ‘Green Impact Award Scheme’, appointment of ‘Environmental Champions’ for each floor, announcement of ‘Green and Clean’ areas and Green Week. A complete schedule of actions, interventions and interactions throughout the period of the study is provided in the Technical Annex (An indicative approach to sustainable intelligent buildings using university of reading case studies).         

At the Henley Business School, the monitoring software, sensors and actuators were installed by Newera Controls. Water temperature and flow data from both blocks, together with room temperature and occupancy data from each room in the Main Block, were captured at one minute intervals by the Newera software, which then adjusted the radiator actuator valves in each room to maintain the required room temperature. The initial temperature control regime was a set-point range of 12–14°C in unoccupied rooms and 18–22°C in occupied rooms. Set-points were controlled by facilities management staff via remote software access, but occupants were able to fine tune within the set-point range using the room thermostats.

The software enabled room temperature control graphs to be produced showing occupancy, set-points, actuator opening and room temperature, which could be used for monitoring and diagnostics. Information on energy used and CO2e emissions were calculated from the data. 

Data from an initial trial was analyzed and two significant changes were made to the heating system in the test block with the aim of maximizing CO2 emission reductions, minimizing cost and still maintaining a perceived high level of guest “comfort”.

·The Main Block temperature set-point range was raised from 12–14°C to 14–16°C when unoccupied and from 18–22°C to 18–24°C when occupied.

·Two “boosting” periods were introduced in the Main Block heating. One for use in the early morning and one for the late afternoon, to allow rooms be “pre-warmed” prior to guests getting up or returning to the room after work.

The monitoring resumed in October 2010 and is continuing at the time of this report.

Carrington Building

Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from electricity use were calculated from the conversion factor for grid electricity given in the Defra/DECC Guidelines (DECC, 2010). The most up to date value of 0.61707 kg CO2e/kWh (2008) was used, including both direct and indirect emissions.

The results from the monitoring equipment were divided into ‘occupied’ and ‘unoccupied’ categories and averaged to give daily consumption values for each month .‘Occupied’ is defined here as a twenty four hour normal working day，including out of working hours periods at the start and end of the day. ‘Unoccupied’ is defined as a twenty four hour weekend day or public / university holiday. 

Table 1 Carrington building initial electricity consumption results.

Uncertainties

To estimate the uncertainty in the 7 month and projected 12 month emissions reductions, a Monte Carlo simulation was run using @Risk software (Palisade Corporation, 2007) with Microsoft Excel, assigning normal distributions to the main variables as follows. 

In the absence of other data, the carbon brainprint guidance (Parsons & Chatterton, 2011a) was followed, so a normal distribution with coefficient of variation (CoV) of 1% was applied for energy meter readings. Similarly, a normal distribution with a CoV of 5% was used for combustion emissions per unit energy from mains electricity. In the case of the 12 month projection it was assumed that 20% savings per day for both occupied and unoccupied days were achievable. This estimation was assigned a normal distribution with a CoV of 15%, based on values suggested for expert judgment in Parsons.

The reduction in emissions for the 7 month period for which two years of data were available had lower uncertainty, with mean 7.75 t CO2e and 95% confidence interval 6.94–8.58 t CO2e. For the 12 month projected brainprint, the mean was 11.8 t CO2e, with 95% confidence interval.

Prospective brainprint

The retrospective brainprint demonstrates that greenhouse gas reductions can be achieved in small scale implementations. No attempt has been made to quantify a prospective brainprint from this work due to the number of variables that can impact upon this calculation. These include:

·The nature and use of the buildings in which the reduction is to be attempted.

·The wide variety of technological solutions (cost, efficacy) available for the

management of energy use and greenhouse emissions.

·The focus and imperatives of the management charged with project delivery and their competence in that delivery.

中文译文：

碳“智能足迹”案例研究

碳“智能足迹”项目是受英格兰高等拨款委员会主导下的高等教育课程可持续发展项目和桑坦德大学案例研究会所支持的。英国研究理事会和“碳”信托基金都是督导组成员，“碳”信托基金在该项目中提出最佳建议。

总结

据估计，在2010年，非住宅楼宇温室气体排放量占英国温室气体总排放量（582万吨/年）的18%。而非住宅楼宇温室气体排放量中，照明、办公设备及餐饮业排放量占总排放量的34%（36万吨/年），取暖排放量占总排放量的46%（49万吨/年）。

由雷丁大学研究人员和该大学设施管理部门以及威龙有限公司组成了一个研究小组，进行两个独立的调查，用以衡量和证明两个重要的互补的方法，实现建筑物能源效率和温室气体减少排放能力的监测。首先他们着眼于主校区某办公楼影响用户的行为。其次，考虑住宅区使用智能监测和控制系统在亨利商学院的干预方法。到今天为止，第一次调查表明，通过改变用户意识和行为，照明、办公设备及餐饮业可以节省20%的能源。第二次调查表明，通过加强旧式楼宇管理系统（BMS），采用建筑能源管理系统（BEMS），可以节省24%取暖能源。如果BEMS扩展到其它服务，例如照明，还有进一步节省的范围。

总体描述

在过去的20年里,许多不同的建筑都被贴上“智能建筑”标签(克莱门茨-克鲁姆,2004)。而业界也建立了许多有关智能建筑解决方案，但发现它们很难展示和证明其高效。智能可持续建筑可以提高其商业价值，是因为他们需要考虑到环境和社会的需求、用户的福利，这将导致工作效率的提高。理想的系统会与建筑、系统内部和用户链接，使用户有一定程度的个人控制。智能控制可以帮助匹配需求模式（乔等人,2006；诺伊等,2007）。它已被证明有效的温室气体排放的行动需要建立用户参与的过程和操作，让他们觉得他们是“碳”管理计划的一部分。

综合楼宇管理系统（BMS），允许独立的系统一起工作，在这种情况下进行有效的楼宇控制。通常情况下，由于一些具有挑战性的因素，综合楼宇管理系统不能满足用户的期望：   

·因为多方利益与矛盾，该系统可能会被错误地指定。

   ·该系统还没有考虑可用性。

   ·为最佳性能的综合楼宇管理系统匹配楼宇性能提供标准，这很难达成一致。

   ·不同系统之间缺乏兼容性和互操作性，从社会经济和组织上所产生的混杂因素，将使综合楼宇管理系统的运作复杂化。

来自雷丁大学的建筑管理与工程学院、雷丁大学设施管理部门和威龙公司的研究小组进行了两个独立的调查，通过技术解决方案和新颖的方式鼓励行为的改变，从而提供了减少排放的例子。

第一次调查认为通过改变大楼用户的行为，可以减少雷丁大学卡林顿大楼的能源使用，这是雷丁大学众多大楼更广泛的节能减排工程的一部分。

卡林顿大楼是一个现代的三层楼的办公大楼，于2007年9月竣工，可提供学生服务。该建筑现由大学教职员、参观该大楼的学生（如住房、金融）使用。几个会议室也可其它大学的职工使用。该大楼融入了几个环境设计的特点，例如地源热泵被设计为高效节能。然而，很明显，在实践过程中，该大楼并没有达到预期的效果。

因此，在2009/10第一个学期间，雷丁大学的设施管理部位（FMD）能源小组及卡林顿大楼成立了一个项目，用以调查该大楼的低劣能源性能，从而决定是否可以通过影响用户行为的改变节约能源。该项目的主要特点是试图完成大楼与用户之间的联系，但往往缺少一个反馈循环。

第二次调查发生在雷丁大学亨利商学院的绿地校区的温德拉什大楼。该大楼可为旅客、会议参加者、学校学生提供高标准住宿。它是面向高消费的顾客群，亨利商学院承诺将提供标准的住宿，满足客人的要求和舒适的感觉。卡林顿大楼包括两大块，可通过引入某一块的管理变化加以比较。此项目是由威龙公司成立的，用以评估他们软件在监测、诊断和控制能源需求方面的性能，并向亨利商学院提供能在他们房地产中减少能源使用以及碳“智能足迹”的最佳指标。在这种情况下，该软件是用来提高现有的旧楼宇管理系统性能，用于监测、诊断和控制能源需求与供应。

威龙公司在2009年11月开始，完成软件和所需的传感器和执行器的安装，并进行了最初的两个星期的试验。直到十一月底，住宿区开始进行主要的翻新。翻新工程完成后，研究在2010年10月重新恢复，并仍在继续。

系统边界

卡林顿大楼能源利用的减少是由于用户行为的改变，增强现有的定时系统，消除不必要的电器产品如自动售货机。因此，体现了温室气体的楼宇和监测设备可以忽略。这项工作包括监控和控制设备的安装都是在亨利商学院完成的。

因此，在碳“智能足迹”的指导下（帕森和查特顿，2011a），它是谨慎遵循来自生产监测系统预计排放量低于1%的相关建议。生命周期数据库的伊卡恩表明了一个重约1公斤电子控制单元能够排放10公斤二氧化碳。所以，即使允许额外的传感器，监测单位的排放量也可以被忽略。

数据

监控设备于2009年10月安装在卡林顿大楼，用于收集详细的能源数据。但是，监测数据受限于照明和小功率设备。通常，电力布局安排在主层，它会因代价昂贵而被分开为两个项目。数据每隔一分钟或五分钟收集一次，并传递给卡林顿的中央数据库和应用程序套件，并使用GPRS（手机）连接。数据可通过一个安全的在线应用程序和其它程序使用CSV格式查看。这种频繁的数据采集对大楼内的能源使用提供了非常详细的图片，从而可以精确的看出削减目标（图一）。

详细的能源跟踪数据截图

用户行为的初步观察对象是2009年7月至2010年1月到该建筑访问的人们。各种观察包括照明水平和使用以及和用户相关的办公设备。在2010年1月，项目小组开始成为大楼的使用者。最初，重点是和建筑经理（BM）和副经理（DBM）谈话。谈话内容集中展示监测水平是怎样进行的，一个详细的能源跟踪是怎样确定大楼的能源使用。从基线数据上看，相当大范围的能源节约发生在下班、夜间或周末。这是该项目小组专注于第一阶段“轻松取胜”减少的领域。

监测数据也确定了其他一些简单的干预措施，包括取消自动售货机，使用定时器开关水加热器和冷却器，并鼓励与行为变化方面相关的建筑照明。一种新型高效节能升级版的照明系统，是在2010年7月完成的，旨在进一步节省能源。

并且，管理系统/项目小组成员与用户进行额外的互动，定期为用户分发“绿色”电子邮件，培育用户对环境和能源问题的持续关注，例如，使用双面复印，回收，“雷丁大学绿色影响奖励计划”，任命各楼层“环境冠军”，宣传“绿色和清洁区”和绿色周。在整个研究期间，技术附件提供了一个完整的行动、干预和相互作用计划方案（可持续智能建筑指示方法可利用雷丁大学案例研究）。

在亨利商学院，监控软件、传感器和驱动器是由威龙公司安装的。水温和流量数据块以及室温和占用数据中的每一个房间的主块，由威龙公司软件每隔一分钟抓获，然后调整散热器、执行器阀门在每个房间保持的室温。初始温度控制状态在“占用”的房间内为12-14摄氏度，在“未占用”的房间内为18-22摄氏度。设定点控制的设施管理人员可通过远程访问，但用户能够使用房间温控器微调设定范围。

该软件能使室温控制图表显示占用、设定点、执行器打开和室温，可用于监测和诊断。关于能源使用和二氧化碳的排放量可以从数据得出。从最初的试验数据进行分析，使测试程序块的供暖系统出现了两个重大变化，目的是最大限度的减少二氧化碳排放，减少成本，但仍保持高水平的用户“舒适度”。

·占用时主楼温度设定点的范围从12-14摄氏度上升至14-16摄氏度，当未占用时主楼温度设定点的范围从18-22摄氏度上升至18-24摄氏度。

·在主楼取暖中，介绍了两个“促进”阶段，一个阶段用于早晨，在用户起床之前对房间进行预热；另一个阶段用于傍晚，在用户下班回家途中对房间进行加热。

监测于2010年10月恢复，并继续本报告。

卡林顿大楼

电力使用造成的温室气体排放量可以从远程教育职业培训指引下的电网电力转换系数中计算出。最新数据为二氧化碳0.61707 公斤/千瓦时（2008），包括直接和间接排放。

监测设备的结果分为“占用”和“未占用”两类，平均给出每个月每天的消耗量。在这里，“占用”被定义为24小时正常工作的一天，包括工作期间一天的开始和结束。“未占用”被定义为24小时周末的一天或者是公共/大学假期。

表1 卡林顿大楼初期电力消费结果

不确定性

为了估计7个月以来和未来12个月排放量减少的不确定性，蒙特卡罗模拟运行使用@风险软件（栅栏公司，2007）和微软表格软件，为如下主要变量进行常态分布。

在没有其他数据的情况下，碳“智能足迹”指导(帕森和查特顿，2011a)被引用。所以，一个常态分布与变异系数（CoV）1%用于电能表读数。

同样的，一个常态分布与变异系数5%用于从电源供电每单位能量燃烧排放量。在12个月预测中，假定工作日和非工作日每天能节约20%的能量。根据专家帕森的有价值的判断，这一估计是一个常态分布和变异系数15%。

7个月间排放量的减少，为两年数据可行性降低了不确定性，平均7.75吨二氧化碳和95%置信区间6.94-8.58吨二氧化碳。12个月预测的碳“智能足迹”，平均11.8吨二氧化碳，95%置信区间10.1-13.6吨二氧化碳。

碳“智能足迹”前景

回顾碳“智能足迹”表明，温室气体可取得小规模的减排。由于存在许多的变量，这项工作并没有尽力使具有前景性的碳“智能足迹”量化，可能影响这一计算。它们包括：

·试图能源减少的建筑物的性质与用途。

·可用于能源使用的管理和温室气体排放的多种技术解决方案。

·重要和必要的管理收费项目和在其期限内交付。