scrapy爬虫注意点(1)—— scrapy.FormRequest中formdata参数

1. 背景

  • 在网页爬取的时候,有时候会使用scrapy.FormRequest向目标网站提交数据(表单提交)。参照scrapy官方文档的标准写法是:
# header信息
unicornHeader = {
    'Host': 'www.example.com',
    'Referer': 'http://www.example.com/',
}

# 表单需要提交的数据
myFormData = {'name': 'John Doe', 'age': '27'}

# 自定义信息,向下层响应(response)传递下去
customerData = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

yield scrapy.FormRequest(url = "http://www.example.com/post/action",
                         headers = unicornHeader,
                         method = 'POST',             # GET or POST
                         formdata = myFormData,       # 表单提交的数据
                         meta = customerData,       # 自定义,向response传递数据
                         callback = self.after_post,
                         errback = self.error_handle,
                         # 如果需要多次提交表单,且url一样,那么就必须加此参数dont_filter,防止被当成重复网页过滤掉了
                         dont_filter = True     
                         )
  • 但是,当表单提交数据myFormData 是形如字典内嵌字典的形式,又该如何写?

2. 案例 — 参数为字典

  • 在做亚马逊网站爬取时,当进入商家店铺,爬取店铺内商品列表时,发现采取的方式是ajax请求,返回的是json数据。
  • 请求信息如下:
    这里写图片描述
    这里写图片描述
    这里写图片描述

  • 响应信息如下:
    这里写图片描述

  • 如上图所示,From Data中的数据包含一个字典:
marketplaceID:ATVPDKIKX0DER
seller:A2FE6D62A4WM6Q
productSearchRequestData:{"marketplace":"ATVPDKIKX0DER","seller":"A2FE6D62A4WM6Q","url":"/sp/ajax/products","pageSize":12,"searchKeyword":"","extraRestrictions":{},"pageNumber":"1"}

# formDate 必须构造如下:
myFormData = {
    'marketplaceID' : 'ATVPDKIKX0DER',
    'seller' : 'A2FE6D62A4WM6Q',
    # 注意下面这一行,内部字典是作为一个字符串的形式
    'productSearchRequestData' :'{"marketplace":"ATVPDKIKX0DER","seller":"A2FE6D62A4WM6Q","url":"/sp/ajax/products","pageSize":12,"searchKeyword":"","extraRestrictions":{},"pageNumber":"1"}'
}
  • 在amazon中实际使用的构造方法如下:
def sendRequestForProducts(response):
    ajaxParam = response.meta
    for pageIdx in range(1, ajaxParam['totalPageNum']+1):
        ajaxParam['isFirstAjax'] = False
        ajaxParam['pageNumber'] = pageIdx

        unicornHeader = {
            'Host': 'www.amazon.com',
            'Origin': 'https://www.amazon.com',
            'Referer': ajaxParam['referUrl'],
        }

        '''
        marketplaceID:ATVPDKIKX0DER
        seller:AYZQAQRQKEXRP
        productSearchRequestData:{"marketplace":"ATVPDKIKX0DER","seller":"AYZQAQRQKEXRP","url":"/sp/ajax/products","pageSize":12,"searchKeyword":"","extraRestrictions":{},"pageNumber":1}
        '''

        productSearchRequestData = '{"marketplace": "ATVPDKIKX0DER", "seller": "' + f'{ajaxParam["sellerID"]}' + '","url": "/sp/ajax/products", "pageSize": 12, "searchKeyword": "","extraRestrictions": {}, "pageNumber": "' + str(pageIdx) + '"}'
        formdataProduct = {
            'marketplaceID': ajaxParam['marketplaceID'],
            'seller': ajaxParam['sellerID'],
            'productSearchRequestData': productSearchRequestData
        }
        productAjaxMeta = ajaxParam
        # 请求店铺商品列表
        yield scrapy.FormRequest(
            url = 'https://www.amazon.com/sp/ajax/products',
            headers = unicornHeader,
            formdata = formdataProduct,
            func = 'POST',
            meta = productAjaxMeta,
            callback = self.solderProductAjax,
            errback = self.error,  # 处理http error
            dont_filter = True,    # 需要加此参数的
        )

3. 原理分析

  • 举例来说,目前有如下一笔数据:
formdata = {
            'Field': {"pageIdx":99, "size":"10"},
            'func': 'nextPage',
            }
  • 从网页上,可以看到请求数据如下:
Field=%7B%22pageIdx%22%3A99%2C%22size%22%3A%2210%22%7D&func=nextPage
  • 第一种,按照如下方式发出请求,结果如下(正确):
yield scrapy.FormRequest(
            url = 'https://www.example.com/sp/ajax',
            headers = unicornHeader,
            formdata = {
                        'Field': '{"pageIdx":99, "size":"10"}',
                        'func': 'nextPage',
                       },
            func = 'POST',
            callback = self.handleFunc,
        )
# 请求数据为:Field=%7B%22pageIdx%22%3A99%2C%22size%22%3A%2210%22%7D&func=nextPage
  • 第二种,按照如下方式发出请求,结果如下(错误,无法获取到正确的数据):
yield scrapy.FormRequest(
            url = 'https://www.example.com/sp/ajax',
            headers = unicornHeader,
            formdata = {
                        'Field': {"pageIdx":99, "size":"10"},
                        'func': 'nextPage',
                       },
            func = 'POST',
            callback = self.handleFunc,
        )
# 经过错误的编码之后,发送的请求为:Field=size&Field=pageIdx&func=nextPage
  • 我们跟踪看一下scrapy中的源码:
# E:/Miniconda/Lib/site-packages/scrapy/http/request/form.py

# FormRequest
class FormRequest(Request):

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        formdata = kwargs.pop('formdata', None)
        if formdata and kwargs.get('func') is None:
            kwargs['func'] = 'POST'

        super(FormRequest, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        if formdata:
            items = formdata.items() if isinstance(formdata, dict) else formdata
            querystr = _urlencode(items, self.encoding)
            if self.func == 'POST':
                self.headers.setdefault(b'Content-Type', b'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
                self._set_body(querystr)
            else:
                self._set_url(self.url + ('&' if '?' in self.url else '?') + querystr)

    # 关键函数 _urlencode
    def _urlencode(seq, enc):
        values = [(to_bytes(k, enc), to_bytes(v, enc))
                  for k, vs in seq
                  for v in (vs if is_listlike(vs) else [vs])]
        return urlencode(values, doseq=1)
  • 分析过程如下
# 第一步:items = formdata.items() if isinstance(formdata, dict) else formdata
# 第一步结果:经过items()方法执行后,原始的dict格式变成如下列表形式:
     dict_items([('func', 'nextPage'), ('Field', {'size': '10', 'pageIdx': 99})])

# 第二步:再经过后面的 _urlencode方法将items转换成如下:
    [(b'func', b'nextPage'), (b'Field', b'size'), (b'Field', b'pageIdx')]

# 可以看到就是在调用 _urlencode方法的时候出现了问题,上面的方法执行过后,会使字典形式的数据只保留了keys(value是字典的情况下,只保留了value字典中的key).
  • 解决方案: 就是将字典当成普通的字符串,然后编码(转换成bytes),进行传输,到达服务器端之后,服务器会反过来进行解码,得到这个字典字符串。然后服务器按照Dict进行解析。
  • 拓展:对于其他特殊类型的数据,都按照这种方式打包成字符串进行传递。

4. 补充1 ——参数类型

  • formdata的 参数值 必须是unicode , str 或者 bytes object,不能是整数。
    • 案例:
yield FormRequest(
    url = 'https://www.amztracker.com/unicorn.php',
    headers = unicornHeader,
    # formdata 的参数必须是字符串
    formdata={'rank': 10, 'category': productDetailInfo['topCategory']},
    method = 'GET',
    meta = {'productDetailInfo': productDetailInfo},
    callback = self.amztrackerSale,
    errback = self.error,  # 本项目中这里触发errback占绝大多数
    dont_filter = True,  # 按理来说是不需要加此参数的
)

# 提示如下ERROR:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\utils\defer.py", line 102, in iter_errback
    yield next(it)
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spidermiddlewares\offsite.py", line 29, in process_spider_output
    for x in result:
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spidermiddlewares\referer.py", line 339, in <genexpr>
    return (_set_referer(r) for r in result or ())
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spidermiddlewares\urllength.py", line 37, in <genexpr>
    return (r for r in result or () if _filter(r))
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spidermiddlewares\depth.py", line 58, in <genexpr>
    return (r for r in result or () if _filter(r))
  File "E:\PyCharmCode\categorySelectorAmazon1\categorySelectorAmazon1\spiders\categorySelectorAmazon1Clawer.py", line 224, in parseProductDetail
    dont_filter = True,
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\http\request\form.py", line 31, in __init__
    querystr = _urlencode(items, self.encoding)
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\http\request\form.py", line 66, in _urlencode
    for k, vs in seq
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\http\request\form.py", line 67, in <listcomp>
    for v in (vs if is_listlike(vs) else [vs])]
  File "E:\Miniconda\lib\site-packages\scrapy\utils\python.py", line 117, in to_bytes
    'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)
TypeError: to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes object, got int

# 正确写法:
formdata = {'rank': str(productDetailInfo['topRank']), 'category': productDetailInfo['topCategory']},
  • 原理部分(源代码)
# 第一阶段: 字典分解为items
        if formdata:
            items = formdata.items() if isinstance(formdata, dict) else formdata
            querystr = _urlencode(items, self.encoding)

# 第二阶段: 对value,调用 to_bytes 编码
def _urlencode(seq, enc):
    values = [(to_bytes(k, enc), to_bytes(v, enc))
              for k, vs in seq
              for v in (vs if is_listlike(vs) else [vs])]
    return urlencode(values, doseq=1)

# 第三阶段: 执行 to_bytes ,参数要求是bytes, str
def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
    """Return the binary representation of `text`. If `text`
    is already a bytes object, return it as-is."""
    if isinstance(text, bytes):
        return text
    if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
        raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes '
                        'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)

5. 补充2 ——参数为中文

  • formdata的 参数值 必须是unicode , str 或者 bytes object,不能是整数。

    • 以1688网站搜索产品为案例
  • 搜索信息如下(搜索关键词为:动漫周边):
    这里写图片描述
    这里写图片描述
    这里写图片描述

  • 可以看到 动漫周边 == %B6%AF%C2%FE%D6%DC%B1%DF

# scrapy中这个请求的构造如下

# python3 所有的字符串都是unicode
unicornHeaders = {
    ':authority': 's.1688.com',
    'Referer': 'https://www.1688.com/',
}

# python3 所有的字符串都是unicode
# 动漫周边 tobyte为:%B6%AF%C2%FE%D6%DC%B1%DF
formatStr = "动漫周边".encode('gbk')

print(f"formatStr = {formatStr}")
yield FormRequest(
    url = 'https://s.1688.com/selloffer/offer_search.htm',
    headers = unicornHeaders,
    formdata = {'keywords': formatStr, 'n': 'y', 'spm': 'a260k.635.1998096057.d1'},
    method = 'GET',
    meta={},
    callback = self.parseCategoryPage,
    errback = self.error,  # 本项目中这里触发errback占绝大多数
    dont_filter = True,  # 按理来说是不需要加此参数的
)

# 日志如下:
formatStr = b'\xb6\xaf\xc2\xfe\xd6\xdc\xb1\xdf'
2017-11-16 15:11:02 [scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect] DEBUG: Redirecting (302) to <GET https://sec.1688.com/query.htm?smApp=searchweb2&smPolicy=searchweb2-selloffer-anti_Spider-seo-html-checklogin&smCharset=GBK&smTag=MTE1LjIxNi4xNjAuNDYsLDU5OWQ1NWIyZTk0NDQ1Y2E5ZDAzODRlOGM1MDI2OTZj&smReturn=https%3A%2F%2Fs.1688.com%2Fselloffer%2Foffer_search.htm%3Fkeywords%3D%25B6%25AF%25C2%25FE%25D6%25DC%25B1%25DF%26n%3Dy%26spm%3Da260k.635.1998096057.d1&smSign=05U0%2BJXfKLQmSbsnce55Yw%3D%3D> from <GET https://s.1688.com/selloffer/offer_search.htm?keywords=%B6%AF%C2%FE%D6%DC%B1%DF&n=y&spm=a260k.635.1998096057.d1>
# https://s.1688.com/selloffer/offer_search.htm?keywords=%B6%AF%C2%FE%D6%DC%B1%DF&n=y&spm=a260k.635.1998096057.d1
  • 14
    点赞
  • 60
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 5
    评论

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论 5
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值