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转载:百度百科
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正交向量
编辑
-
中文名
- 正交向量 外文名
- orthogonal vectors
-
类 型
- 数学术语 向 量
- 既有大小又有方向的量 正 交
- 垂直
定义
编辑向量
在数学中,向量(也称为欧几里得向量、几何向量、矢量),指既有大小又有方向的量。它可以形象化地表示为带箭头的线段。
箭头所指:代表向量的方向;
线段长度:代表向量的大小。
在物理学和
工程学
中,几何向量更常被称为矢量。许多
物理量都是矢量,比如一个物体的
位移,球撞向墙而对其施加的
力等等。与之相对的是
标量,即只有大小而没有方向的量。一些与向量有关的定义亦与物理概念有密切的联系,例如向量势对应于物理中的
势能。
[1]
欧几里得空间
设
是实数域R上的有限维线性空间,在
上定义有被称为内积的满足一下四条公理的实函数
,
:
![](https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D12/sign=8365380a9feef01f49141cc7e1fe357b/faedab64034f78f0c0dc1b9d72310a55b2191c8c.jpg)
![](https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D12/sign=8365380a9feef01f49141cc7e1fe357b/faedab64034f78f0c0dc1b9d72310a55b2191c8c.jpg)
![](https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D19/sign=b9107cde6e380cd7e21ea6e4a044c180/4610b912c8fcc3ceca934a5d9945d688d43f2008.jpg)
![](https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D19/sign=a13b6fa7dc2a60595610e5132934fac9/b03533fa828ba61e58e74b414a34970a304e5957.jpg)
![](https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D24/sign=253f7db17d094b36df921ce9a2ccd5a1/7c1ed21b0ef41bd5b9fc6b9a5ada81cb39db3d34.jpg)
(1)对称性:
,
=(
,
);
![](https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D19/sign=b9107cde6e380cd7e21ea6e4a044c180/4610b912c8fcc3ceca934a5d9945d688d43f2008.jpg)
![](https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D19/sign=a13b6fa7dc2a60595610e5132934fac9/b03533fa828ba61e58e74b414a34970a304e5957.jpg)
![](https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D17/sign=2296674d78f08202299295384afb5b73/500fd9f9d72a6059aaf062742334349b023bbaf8.jpg)
![](https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D10/sign=a76962618c94a4c20e23e32b0ff4796e/a1ec08fa513d2697280f8b335efbb2fb4216d884.jpg)
(2)关于向量加法的线性性质:
,
,
,
;
![](https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D45/sign=5265c4d3a2773912c0268464f919a2fb/faf2b2119313b07e6ee6d26607d7912397dd8c01.jpg)
![](https://gss3.bdstatic.com/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D58/sign=abd7be7aa018972ba73a00c2e7cd4a56/21a4462309f79052e3e3c55007f3d7ca7acbd5e4.jpg)
![](https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D55/sign=1638f04eb212c8fcb0f3f6c8fd036147/7af40ad162d9f2d3339fa681a2ec8a136227ccd6.jpg)
![](https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D20/sign=901e9d73df2a283447a6310b5ab5f7d7/838ba61ea8d3fd1fb1732f543b4e251f95ca5f62.jpg)
(3)关于标量乘法的线性性质:
,
,
;
![](https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D27/sign=91820b45bb51f819f525044ddbb4bfa7/64380cd7912397dd09d4156a5282b2b7d0a2872b.jpg)
![](https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D68/sign=38a0005070ec54e745ec1916b8382ab0/80cb39dbb6fd5266c989b17aa018972bd4073639.jpg)
![](https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D19/sign=8296b46d8c44ebf869716036d8f9ff0f/cdbf6c81800a19d855c8096b38fa828ba71e4691.jpg)
(4)正定性:
,
,而且等号成立当且仅当
。
![](https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D19/sign=a047056f576034a82de2bc88ca130ef4/0b55b319ebc4b7457acb3b78c4fc1e178a821504.jpg)
![](https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D20/sign=d464c440d91b0ef468e89f5edcc476b1/503d269759ee3d6d255d0ba548166d224e4adec1.jpg)
![](https://gss1.bdstatic.com/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D23/sign=bbf96d618c94a4c20e23e0280ff47983/908fa0ec08fa513d4be6e0b0366d55fbb2fbd914.jpg)
![](https://gss1.bdstatic.com/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D39/sign=184259a09225bc312f5d07915fdf304f/79f0f736afc379313fe20a47e0c4b74542a911d1.jpg)
这里
,
,
是
的任意向量,k是任意实数。则称
为
欧几里得空间(Euclidean space),简称
欧式空间。
![](https://gss2.bdstatic.com/-fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D10/sign=ffc68aa4898ba61edbeecc2f4034197c/4bed2e738bd4b31cc9f218d58cd6277f9f2ff896.jpg)
![](https://gss2.bdstatic.com/-fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D17/sign=ffc28aa4898ba61edbeecc2840341909/4bed2e738bd4b31cc9f618d58cd6277f9f2ff892.jpg)
![](https://gss2.bdstatic.com/-fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D13/sign=918627710c0828386c0dd817b999b10a/2fdda3cc7cd98d10b710805f2a3fb80e7aec909c.jpg)
![](https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D12/sign=8365380a9feef01f49141cc7e1fe357b/faedab64034f78f0c0dc1b9d72310a55b2191c8c.jpg)
![](https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D12/sign=8365380a9feef01f49141cc7e1fe357b/faedab64034f78f0c0dc1b9d72310a55b2191c8c.jpg)
正交
性质
编辑性质1
性质2
定理
编辑定理1
定理2
![](https://gss2.bdstatic.com/-fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D32/sign=b24047caafc27d1ea1263dc61ad5788e/908fa0ec08fa513d40e899b0366d55fbb2fbd91a.jpg)
![](https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D139/sign=16ab66b203fa513d55aa68dd046d554c/023b5bb5c9ea15ceb1f71367bd003af33a87b247.jpg)