Week1-5Why is NLP hard?

Examples

Time flies like an arrow.

Interpretations

这里写图片描述

More Examples

这里写图片描述

Syntax vs. semantics

*Little a has Mary lamb

  • Syntactically wrong, markd as *

?Colorless green idea sleeps furiously

  • Syntactically right, but semantically wrong, marked as ?
  • idea doesn’t sleep
  • sleep furiously?
  • colorless green?
  • green idea?

Ambiguous words

  • ball, board, plant
    • meaning
  • fly, rent, tape
    • part of speech
  • address, resent, entrance, number, unionized
    • different meanings

Ambiguity

  • Not in computer language(by design)!
  • Lojban
  • Noun-noun phrase: (XY)Z vs. X(YZ)
    • science fiction writer
    • state chess tournament

Types of ambiguity

  • Morphological
  • Phonetic
  • Part of speech
  • Syntactic
  • PP attachment
  • Sense
  • Modality
  • Subjectivity
  • CC(coordinating conjunction) attachment
  • Negation
  • Referential
  • Reflexive
  • Ellipsis and parallelism
  • Metonymy

Other sources of difficulties

  • Non-standard, slang, novel words and usages
  • Inconsistensies
  • Typos and grammatical errors
  • Parsing problems
  • Complex sentences
  • Counterfactural sentences
  • Humor and sacarsm
  • Implicature/inference/world knowledge
  • Semantics and pragmatics
  • Language is even hard for humans

Synonyms and paraphrases

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