python学习笔记（二）

####迭代器####
  迭代的意思是重复做一些事很多次，到目前只是在for循环中对序列和字典进行迭代，但实际也能对其他的对象进行迭代，实现_iter_方法的对象。
  _iter_方法返回一个迭代器，所谓的迭代器就是具有next方法（这个方法在调用时不需要任何参数）的对象。在调用next方法时，迭代器对返回它的下一个值。如果next方法被调用，但迭代器没有值可以返回，就会引发一个Stoperation异常。

In [11]: t = (1,2)
In [12]: it = iter(t)    ##对元组进行迭代
In [13]: it.next()
1
In [14]: it.next()
2
In [15]: it.next()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
StopIteration                             Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-54f0920595b2> in <module>()
----> 1 it.next()

StopIteration:        ##迭代器没有值可以返回，引发Stoperation异常

In [17]: c = iter({1,2,3,2,1})        ##对集合进行迭代
In [18]: c.next()
1
In [19]: c.next()
2
In [20]: c.next()
3
In [21]: c.next()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
StopIteration                             Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-21-50b4dad19337> in <module>()
----> 1 c.next()

StopIteration:

In [23]: for i in range(4):
   ....:     print i
   ....:     
0
1
2

3

####字典####
字典对象是可变的,但是字典的键必须是不可变对象,并且一个字典中可以使用不同类型的键值
In [37]: s = {}
In [38]: type(s)
dict

##集合为空，为字典格式

字典的添加：dic.update(), dic["name"]="hello"
删除：del dic , del dic["key"], dic.pop["key"]
字典的查找：dic.keys(), dic.values(), dic.items()


In [26]: dic = {"name":"fentiao", "age":5, "gender":"male"}
>>> dic = {"name":"fentiao", "age":5, "gender":"male"}
>>> dic[0]                ##为字典格式时，不能通过索引提取value值
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 0
In [27]: type(dic)
dict            ##字典格式
In [28]: dic.keys()        ##查看字典的key
['gender', 'age', 'name']
In [29]: dic.values()        ##查看字典的values
['male', 5, 'fentiao']
In [30]: dic.items()
[('gender', 'male'), ('age', 5), ('name', 'fentiao')]
In [31]: a,b = (1,2)
In [32]: for k,v in dic.items():    ##使用迭代器
   ....:     print k,v
   ....:     
gender male
age 5

name fentiao

>>>: for k,v in dic.items():    
    print "k=%s,v=%s" %(k,v)        ##优化输出格式
   ....:     
k=gender,v=male
k=age,v=5

k=name,v=fentiao

In [60]: dic.itervalues()    ##对字典中的values进行迭代
<dictionary-valueiterator at 0x2b0dec0>
In [61]: a = dic.itervalues()
In [62]: a.next()
'male'
In [63]: a.next()
5
In [64]: a.next()

'fentiao'

In [66]: dic.iteritems()
<dictionary-itemiterator at 0x2af4470>
In [67]: b = dic.iteritems()
In [68]: b.next()
('gender', 'male')
In [69]: b.next()
('age', 5)
In [70]: b.next()

('name', 'fentiao')

In [72]: dic.iterkeys()

<dictionary-keyiterator at 0x2af4998>

In [73]: c = dic.iterkeys()
In [74]: c.next()
'gender'
In [75]: c.next()
'age'
In [76]: c.next()

'name'

In [78]: dic
{'age': 5, 'gender': 'male', 'name': 'fentiao'}
In [79]: dic.get("age")        ##如果key存在于字典中，返回对应value值
5
In [80]: dic.get("name")
'fentiao'
In [81]: dic.has_key("name")    ##判断字典中是否存在这个key，存在输出True
True
In [82]: dic.has_key("qwe")    ##不存在输出False
False
In [83]: "name" in dic.keys()    ##一般情况下最好使用in或not in进行查找

True

In [84]: dic
{'age': 5, 'gender': 'male', 'name': 'fentiao'}
In [85]: del dic["name"]    ##删除字典中name的key及value
In [86]: dic
{'age': 5, 'gender': 'male'}
In [87]: del dic        ##删除字典
In [88]: dic
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-88-1b445b6ea935> in <module>()
----> 1 dic

NameError: name 'dic' is not defined

In [90]: dic
{'age': 5, 'gender': 'male', 'name': 'fentiao'}
In [91]: dic.pop("name")    ##弹出字典中key值为"name"的元素并返回该key的元素
'fentiao'
In [92]: dic
{'age': 5, 'gender': 'male'}
In [93]: dic.clear()        ##删除字典的所有元素
In [94]: dic

{}

In [106]: dic = {"name":"fentiao", "age":5, "gender":"male"}
In [107]: dic1 = {"name":"fentiao", "kind":"cat", "gender":"male"}
In [108]: dic.update(dic1)
In [109]: dic

{'age': 5, 'gender': 'male', 'kind': 'cat', 'name': 'fentiao'}

In [111]: dic = {"name":"fentiao", "age":5, "gender":"male"}
In [112]: dic["kind"]= "cat"    ##字典中的key-value添加
In [113]: dic["age"] = 2    ##修改age的value值
In [114]: dic

{'age': 2, 'gender': 'male', 'kind': 'cat', 'name': 'fentiao'}

In [115]: dic
{'age': 2, 'gender': 'male', 'kind': 'cat', 'name': 'fentiao'}
In [116]: dic1 = dic.copy()
In [117]: id(dic)
45299008
In [118]: id(dic1)
45248480
In [119]: dic2 = dic
In [120]: id(dic2)
45299008
注意:
    - C语言中，定义一类型，必须先开辟一存储空间，当后期重新赋值时也一定是整型的；

    - python中，先在内存上存储数据后，再通过标签去引用。不同的字符串占用不同的存储空间。

In [121]: dic.fromkeys(["a","b","c"])
{'a': None, 'b': None, 'c': None}
In [122]: dic.fromkeys(["a","b","c"],"hello")

{'a': 'hello', 'b': 'hello', 'c': 'hello'}

In [129]: dic = {"name":"fentiao", "age":5, "gender":"male"}
In [130]: dic.setdefault("kind","cat")
'cat'
In [131]: dic

{'age': 5, 'gender': 'male', 'kind': 'cat', 'name': 'fentiao'}

##去除li中的重复项##
#!/usr/bin/evn python
li = [1,2,3,1,2,3]
d = {}.fromkeys(li)
li = d.keys()

print li

##字典下的四则运算##
#!/usr/bin/evn python
#coding=utf-8
from __future__ import division
a = input("please input first number:")
c = raw_input("operator(+,-,*,/):")
b = input("please input seccond number:")
dic = {"+":a+b, "-":a-b, "*":a*b, "/":a/b}
if c in dic.keys():

        print '%s%s%s=%s'%(a,c,b,dic.get(c))

##绝对值##
#!/usr/bin/evn python
#coding=utf-8
a = input("please input a number:")
if not isinstance(a,int):
        if a < 0:
                a = a*(-1)
                print a
        else:
                print a
else:
        print "error type"

while循环:
    while expression:        
        statement(s)    
    跳出while循环的两种方式:
        - 表达式
        - 代码块跳出
    while中的else语句块:当条件失败正常跳出循环时，执行的代码块

文本处理. 要求输入一个姓名列表,输入格式是“Last Name, First Name,” 即 姓,逗号, 名. 编写程序处理输入, 如果用户输入错误, 比如“First Name Last Name,” , 请纠正这些错误, 并通知用户. 同时你还需要记录输入错误次数. 当用户输入结束后, 给列表排序, 然后以"姓 , 名" 的顺序显示.
#!/usr/bin/evn python
#coding=utf-8
count = input("Enter total number of names:")
a = []
errCount = 0
num = 0
while num < count:
        print "Please enter name %d:"%(num+1)
        b = raw_input()
        if "," in b and ',' != b[0] and b.index(",") != len(b) - 1 and b.count(',') == 1:
                a.append(b)
                num += 1
        else:
                errCount += 1
                print"Error %d times,Wrong format... should be Last, First."%errCount

print sorted(a)

##continue##
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
count = 0

while count < 3:
        count += 1
        a = raw_input("q or c:")
        if a == "q":
                break        ##结束循环
        elif a == "c":
                continue    ##跳出本次循环
        elif a == "n":
                pass    ##不做任何事情，只起到占位的作用
        else:
                print "error string"
else:

        print "else body"

##计算1+2##
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8

def myadd(x,y):
        if isinstance(x, (int,float,long)) and isinstance(y,(int,float,long)):
                print x + y
        else:
                print "Error type"

myadd(1,2)

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
def myadd(x=0,y=0):    ##指定默认参数
        if isinstance(x, (int,float,long)) and isinstance(y,(int,float,long)):
                print x + y
        else:
                print "Error type"

myadd()

##当没有制定参数时，需要指定默认参数，否则会报错

##局部变量与全局变量##
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
a = 1        ##此处定义的a为全局变量

def func1():
        a = 2
        global b    ##b为局部变量，因此需要加global变为全局变量
        b = 3
        print a

func1()

print b

若是不将b定义为全局变量

##传参##
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8

def getInfo(name,age,gender,kind):    ##定义一个函数
        print name,age,gender,kind

getInfo("fentiao",5,"male","cat")    ##传参

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8

def getInfo(name,age,gender,kind):
        print name,age,gender,kind

getInfo("fentiao",5,kind="cat",gender="male")    ##当传参顺序改变，输出仍然不变，因其用关键字参数指定

顺序改变后，后面所有的参数都需要加关键字参数指定