Human-in-the-Loop Optimization of Exoskeleton Assistance Via Online Simulation of Metabolic Cost

Human-in-the-Loop Optimization of Exoskeleton Assistance Via Online Simulation of Metabolic Cost

文章来源https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9698243

本文介绍了一种人在环的外骨骼控制优化算法,主要内容包括:

  1. 通过OpenSim来估计人体新陈代谢速率 V V V
  2. 通过贝叶斯优化算法来优化控制算法中的参数 p p p,使之最小化人体形成代谢速率 V V V

一. 实验硬件部分

1. 带有位置与力传感的跑步机&动捕系统

带有位置与力传感的跑步机
如上图所示,在实验过程中记录受试者走路时脚掌与跑步机界面的力与力矩 f g \boldsymbol{\mathrm{f}}_g fg
f g = ( f x , f y , f z , 0 , T y , 0 ) ∈ R 6 , \boldsymbol{\mathrm{f}}_g = (f_x,f_y,f_z,0,T_y,0) \in \mathbb{R}^6, fg=(fx,fy,fz,0,Ty,0)R6,
其中 y y y为垂直于接触界面的方向, T y T_y Ty代表力矩。实验同时记录了接触时压力中心的位置:
c p = ( c x , c y , c z ) ∈ R 3 . \boldsymbol{\mathrm{c}}_p = (c_x,c_y,c_z) \in \mathbb{R}^3. cp=(cx,cy,cz)R3.
同时通过动捕系统获取Markers的位置信息 x o x_{o} xo
x o = ( p x , p y . p z ) ∈ R 3 . x_o = (p_x,p_y.p_z) \in \mathbb{R}^3. xo=(px,py.pz)R3.

2. Active Pelvis Orthosis (APO)外骨骼

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外骨骼的参数如下所示:
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二. 外骨骼控制算法(四种模式)

1. Transparent Mode

通过底层的PD控制器,使得外骨骼的助力 τ d e s = 0 \tau_{des}=0 τdes=0,即模仿穿戴者没有穿戴外骨骼时的场景。

2. Adaptive Oscillator Mode

τ d e s = K v ( θ ( ϕ − δ ϕ ) − θ ( ϕ ) ) , \tau_{des} = K_\mathcal{v}(\theta(\phi - \delta\phi)-\theta(\phi)), τdes=Kv(θ(ϕδϕ)θ(ϕ)),
其中 K v , δ θ K_\mathcal{v},\delta\theta Kv,δθ为可调整参数,分别代表虚拟刚度矩阵(Virtual Stiffness)以及相位差(文章用相位 θ ∈ [ 0 , 100 ] \theta \in [0,100] θ[0,100]来表征当前行走处在的不同阶段,例如0代表左脚刚刚着地,右脚刚准备抬起;50代表右脚抬起到最高处)。 θ ( ⋅ ) \theta(\cdot) θ()是将相位 θ \theta θ映射到关节角度的函数。

这种控制算法相当于估计下一时刻关节角度位置,然后给予合适大小的力矩帮助穿戴者到达该关节角度位置。

3. Generic Mode

τ d e s = { − τ e , 0 ≤ x < 17 , τ f , 40 ≤ x < 64 , − τ e , 92 ≤ x ≤ 100 , 0 , else . \tau_{des} = \begin{cases} -\tau_e, & 0\le x<17,\\ \tau_f, & 40 \le x <64, \\ -\tau_e, & 92 \le x \le 100, \\ 0, & \text{else}. \end{cases} τdes= τe,τf,τe,0,0x<17,40x<64,92x100,else.
将人体行走分为固定的四个阶段,每个阶段给予固定的助力(缺乏个性化)。

4. Human-in-the-Loop Mode(文章的卖点所在)

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与3.Generic Mode中相同,文章将人体行走分为了五个阶段,并根据事先设定好的函数形式提供助力。不同的是,这种模式下五个阶段的分界线 p i , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 p_i, i=1,2,3,4 pi,i=1,2,3,4变为了可调节参数。(注意只有 p i p_i pi是可调节参数, τ e , τ f \tau_e,\tau_f τe,τf仍为固定大小的值)。

文章在接下来的部分讲解了如何利用OpenSim的肌肉骨骼模型来优化 p i p_i pi,以达到最小化人体新陈代谢速率的效果。

三. 通过OpenSim进行仿真,估计人体新陈代谢速率

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文章在OpenSim中建立了Gait2354人体肌肉骨骼模型与IUVO建立的外骨骼CAD模型。外骨骼与人体肌肉骨骼模型之间通过固定点进行连接。模型中包括了许多Markers,与** 一.实验硬件部分**中的Markers点位置一一对应。

1.通过模型计算关节力矩

由模型中的Markers点与实验中的Markers点位置一一对应,可以通过最小化以下函数求解当前各关节角度 q q q:
min ⁡ q ∑ i = 1 m ω i ∣ ∣ x o i − x i ( q ) ∣ ∣ 2 , \min_{q}{\sum_{i=1}^m{\omega_i || x_{oi}-x_i(q)||^2}}, qmini=1mωi∣∣xoixi(q)2,
其中 m m m为marker点的数量, x o i x_{oi} xoi为实验中通过动捕系统测得的第 i i i个Marker的三维坐标, x i ( ⋅ ) x_i(\cdot) xi()为OpenSim的函数,其功能是计算前向运动学,即根据当前的关节角度 q q q计算当前Marker点的位置。通过最小化以上函数,就可以求得当前各关节角度 q q q

在求得关节角度后,再根据逆动力学模型计算当前关节力矩 τ \tau τ:
τ = M ( q ) q ¨ + C ( q , q ˙ ) + g ( q ) + J ( q ) T f ext , \tau = M(q)\ddot{q}+C(q,\dot{q})+g(q) + J(q)^Tf_{\text{ext}}, τ=M(q)q¨+C(q,q˙)+g(q)+J(q)Tfext,
其中 M , J M,J M,J分别为模型的质量矩阵(mass matrix)以及Jacobian, C , g C,g C,g为科里奥利力项和重力项, f ext f_{\text{ext}} fext为外界力。这些函数均为OpenSim内部函数。

2.通过关节力矩计算肌肉激活度

每一个关节力矩都由不同的肌肉-肌腱模块提供的力矩组成:
τ j = ∑ m = 1 c ϕ m T C m , \tau_j = \sum_{m=1} ^c{\phi_m^TC_m}, τj=m=1cϕmTCm,
其中 C m C_m Cm为力臂, ϕ m \phi_m ϕm为肌肉力。而肌肉力通过以下的函数计算得到:
ϕ m = H ( α m , λ m , v m , π m ) , \phi_m = H(\alpha_m,\lambda_m, v_m,\pi_m), ϕm=H(αm,λm,vm,πm),
其中 H H H为OpenSim内置黑箱函数, α m \alpha_m αm为肌肉激活度, λ m , v m \lambda_m, v_m λm,vm为当前肌肉骨骼模型参数, π m \pi_m πm为肌肉的参数。

通过联立以上两式,可以得到肌肉激活度 α m \alpha_m αm。注意到以上的问题一般都为超定方程,无法求得单一解,一般情况下都需要增加一目标函数以求得单一解。文章选择的目标为最小化肌肉激活度:
min ⁡ ∑ m = 1 n ( α m ) 2 . \min \sum_{m=1}^n(\alpha_m)^2. minm=1n(αm)2.

3.通过肌肉激活度计算肌肉能量(与新陈代谢速率相关)

通过黑箱模型,可以计算得到第m块肌肉运用的能量比例 ϵ ˙ m \dot\epsilon_m ϵ˙m:
ϵ ˙ m = U ( α m , λ m , v m , π m ) , \dot\epsilon_m = U(\alpha_m,\lambda_m, v_m,\pi_m), ϵ˙m=U(αm,λm,vm,πm),
肌肉总能量比例为
ϵ ˙ = ∑ m = 1 n ϵ ˙ m \dot\epsilon = \sum_{m=1}^n\dot\epsilon_m ϵ˙=m=1nϵ˙m

四. 利用贝叶斯优化更新模型参数

在实验进行当中,实时记录markers的位置信息(用于计算关节角度)以及外部力信息(用于计算关节力矩):
P = { p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n } , F = { f 1 , f 2 , . . . , f n } . P = \{p_1, p_2, ..., p_n\},\\ F = \{ f_1, f_2, ..., f_n\}. P={p1,p2,...,pn},F={f1,f2,...,fn}.
根据以上信息,可以依次得到关节角度信息 Q Q Q
Q = { q 1 , q 2 , . . . , q n } . Q = \{ q_1, q_2, ..., q_n\}. Q={q1,q2,...,qn}.
肌肉激活度信息 A A A:
A = { α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α n } . A = \{ \alpha_1, \alpha_2, ..., \alpha_n\}. A={α1,α2,...,αn}.
以及肌肉能量比例信息 E E E
E = { ϵ 1 , ϵ 2 , . . . , ϵ n } . E = \{ \epsilon_1, \epsilon_2, ..., \epsilon_n\}. E={ϵ1,ϵ2,...,ϵn}.
根据肌肉能量比例信息 E E E,可以计算得到肌肉的能量消耗 V i , V s V_i,V_s Vi,Vs:
V i = 1 M ( t i − t i − 1 ) ∫ t i − 1 t i ϵ i ˙ ( t ) d t , V s = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n V i . V_i = \frac{1}{M(t_i-t_{i-1})}\int_{t_{i-1}}^{t_i}{\dot{\epsilon_i}(t)dt},\\ V_s = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}{V_i}. Vi=M(titi1)1ti1tiϵi˙(t)dt,Vs=n1i=1nVi.
假设外骨骼控制算法中的参数 p i , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 p_i, i=1,2,3,4 pi,i=1,2,3,4 V s V_s Vs满足如下关系:
V s = f s C ( p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , p 4 ) . V_s = f_s^C(p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4). Vs=fsC(p1,p2,p3,p4).
则根据贝叶斯优化,可以求得 p i ∗ , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 p_i^*, i=1,2,3,4 pi,i=1,2,3,4使得V_s最小。

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