C/C++_log2000_函数模板与类模板笔记1

函数模板与类模板的相关笔记 entry1

函数模板; 类模板;

函数模板定义：

template<class T>     
//模板前缀,通知编译器接下来的函数定应负或者函数声明是一个模板,class此处不是类,而是类型(type).T是类型参数,可被任意类型替代(如int,char,double.....)
//因此,函数模板实际是针对不同类型的函数的一个大集合.
Template <类型1 变量1 , 类型2 变量2， …..  > 返回类型 函数名（形参表）
{
    函数定义体；
}
编译器根据该函数实参数据类型，生成相应的重载函数，该重载函数称为模板函数，是一个实实在在的函数。

下面看几个例子

函数模板实例

大小比较系统

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

template <typename T>
T max(T a, T b, T c)
{
    if (b > a)
    {
        a = b;
    }
    if (c > a)
    {
         a = c;
    }
    return a;
}

void main()
{
    int i1, i2, i3;
    cin >> i1 >> i2 >> i3;
    int i = max(i1, i2, i3);
    cout << "i_max = " << i << endl;


    string g1, g2, g3;
    cin >> g1 >> g2 >> g3;
    string g = max(g1, g2, g3);
    cout << "g_max = " << g << endl;
}

字符串转换系统

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>

using namespace std;

template<typename T>
T fromString(const string& s)
{

    istringstream is(s);
    T t;
    is >> t;
    return t;
}


template<typename T>
string toString(const T& t)
{
    ostringstream os;
    os << t;
    return os.str();
}

void main()
{
    int i = 1234;
    cout << "i = " << toString(i) << endl;


    double x = 34.32;
    cout << "x = " << toString(x) << endl;
    i = fromString<int>(string("5678"));
    cout << "i = " << i << endl;
    x = fromString<double>(string("3.1415"));
    cout << "x = " << x << endl;
}

矩阵运算
矩阵运算矩阵转置与矩阵相乘

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

void inverse(int [3][6], int [6][3]);
void multi(int[6][3], int [3][4], int [6][4]);
void output(int [6][4]);

int main()
{

    int middle[6][3], result[6][4];
    int matrix1[3][6] = {8, 10, 12, 23, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 34, 45, 56, 2, 4, 6};
    int matrix2[3][4] = {3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4};


    inverse(matrix1, middle);
    multi(middle, matrix2, result);
    output(result);

    return 0;
}



void inverse(int matrix1[3][6], int middle[6][3])
{
    int i, j;
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++){
        for (j = 0; j < 6; j++){
            middle[j][i] = matrix1[i][j];
        }
    }
}



void multi(int middle[6][3], int matrix2[3][4], int result[6][4])
{
    int i, j, k;
    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++){
        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++){
            result[i][j] = 0;
            for (k = 0; k < 3; k++){
                result[i][j] += middle[i][k]*matrix2[k][j];
            }
        }
    }
}



void output(int result[6][4])
{
    int i, j;
    cout << "result" << "\n";
    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++){
        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++){
            cout << setw(6) << result[i][j];
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
}
-------------------------------
运算结果：

result

   257   210   223   176

   338   276   298   236

   419   342   373   296

    81    54    51    24

    27    18    57    48

    45    30    87    72
-----------------------------------------

矩阵运算：矩阵转置与矩阵相乘函数模板。下标作为参数传递

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

template<typename T1, typename T2>
void inverse(T1* mat1, T2* mat2, int a, int b);

template<typename T1, typename T2>
void multi(T1* mat1, T2* mat2, T2* result, int a, int b, int c);

template <typename T>
void output(T* mat, char* s, int a, int b);


int main()
{
    int middle[6][3], result[6][4];
    int matrix1[3][6] = {8, 10, 12, 23, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 34, 45, 56, 2, 4, 6};
    int matrix2[3][4] = {3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4};

    char* s1 = "result";
    char* s2 = "middle";

    inverse(matrix1, middle, 6, 3);
    //显式: inverse<int[6], int[3]>(matrix1, middle, 6,3)

    multi(middle, matrix2, result, 6, 3, 4);
    //显式: multi<int[3], int[4]>(middle, matrix2, result, 6, 3,4);

    output(matrix1, "matrix1", 3, 6);
    output(middle, s2, 6, 3);
    output(matrix2, "matrix2", 3, 4);
    output(result, s1, 6, 4);

    return 0;
}


template<typename T1, typename T2>
void inverse(T1* mat1, T2* mat2, int a, int b)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < b; i++){
        for (int j = 0; j < a; j++){
            mat2[j][i] = mat1[i][j];
        }
    }
}


template<typename T1, typename T2>
void multi(T1* mat1, T2* mat2, T2* result, int a, int b, int c)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < a; i++){
        for (int j = 0; j < c; j++){
            result[i][j] = 0;
            for (int k = 0; k < b; k++){
                result[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j];
            }
        }
    }
}



template <typename T>
void output(T* mat, char* s, int a, int b)
{

    cout << s << endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < a; i++){
        for (int j = 0; j < b; j++){
            cout << setw(6) << mat[i][j];
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
}
------------------------------------------
运算结果：

matrix1

     8    10    12    23     1     3

     5     7     9     2     4     6

    34    45    56     2     4     6

middle

     8     5    34

    10     7    45

    12     9    56

    23     2     2

     1     4     4

     3     6     6

matrix2

     3     2     1     0

    -1    -2     9     8

     7     6     5     4

result

   257   210   223   176

   338   276   298   236

   419   342   373   296

    81    54    51    24

    27    18    57    48

    45    30    87    72

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