Unity 游戏框架搭建 (四) 简易有限状态机

为什么用有限状态机?

  之前做过一款跑酷游戏,跑酷角色有很多状态:跑、跳、二段跳、死亡等等。一开始是使用if/switch来切换状态,但是每次角色添加一个状态（提前没规划好),所有状态处理相关的代码就会指数级增长,那样就会嗅出代码的坏味道了。在这种处理状态并且状态数量不是特别多的情况下,自然就想到了引入状态机。

优点:

  1.使代码整洁,状态容易扩展和管理。

  2.可复用。

  3.还没想到.....

缺点:

  1.也没想到......

什么是有限状态机?

  解释不清楚,看了下百度百科。反正是一种数据结构,一个解决 问题的工具。

  从百度百科可以看到,有限状态机最最最基础的概念有两个:状态和转移。

  从刚才跑酷的例子来讲,跑、跳、二段跳等这些就是角色的状态。

如图所示:

 主角从跑状态切换到跳状态,从跳状态切换到二段跳状态,这里的切换就是指状态的转移。状态的转移是有条件的,比如主角从跑状态不可以直接切换到二段跳状态。但是可以从二段跳状态切换到跑状态。

  另外,一个基本的状态有:进入状态、退出状态、接收输入、转移状态等动作。但是仅仅作为跑酷的角色的状态管理来说,只需要转移状态就足够了。有兴趣的同学可以自行扩展。

如何实现?

  恰好之前看到过一个还算简易的实现(简易就是指我能看得懂- -,希望大家也是),原版是用lua实现的,我的跑酷游戏是用C#实现的,所以直接贴出C#代码。

[C#]  纯文本查看  复制代码

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using UnityEngine;  using System.Collections;  using System.Collections.Generic;  public class FSM {       // 定义函数指针类型      public delegate void FSMTranslationCallfunc();    /// <summary>      /// 状态类      /// </summary>      public class FSMState      {          public string name;            public FSMState( string name)          {              this .name = name;          }          /// <summary>          /// 存储事件对应的条转          /// </summary>          public Dictionary < string ,FSMTranslation> TranslationDict = new Dictionary< string ,FSMTranslation>();      }      /// <summary>      /// 跳转类      /// </summary>      public class FSMTranslation      {          public FSMState fromState;          public string name;          public FSMState toState;          public FSMTranslationCallfunc callfunc; // 回调函数            public FSMTranslation(FSMState fromState, string name, FSMState toState,FSMTranslationCallfunc callfunc)          {              this .fromState = fromState;              this .toState   = toState;              this .name = name;              this .callfunc = callfunc;          }      }      // 当前状态      private FSMState mCurState;        Dictionary < string ,FSMState> StateDict = new Dictionary< string ,FSMState>();      /// <summary>      /// 添加状态      /// </summary>      /// <param name="state">State.</param>      public void AddState(FSMState state)      {          StateDict [state.name] = state;      }      /// <summary>      /// 添加条转      /// </summary>      /// <param name="translation">Translation.</param>      public void AddTranslation(FSMTranslation translation)      {          StateDict [translation.fromState.name].TranslationDict [translation.name] = translation;      }      /// <summary>      /// 启动状态机      /// </summary>      /// <param name="state">State.</param>      public void Start(FSMState state)      {          mCurState = state;      }      /// <summary>      /// 处理事件      /// </summary>      /// <param name="name">Name.</param>      public void HandleEvent( string name)      {          if (mCurState != null && mCurState.TranslationDict.ContainsKey(name)) {              Debug.LogWarning ( "fromState:" + mCurState.name);                mCurState.TranslationDict [name].callfunc ();              mCurState = mCurState.TranslationDict [name].toState;                  Debug.LogWarning ( "toState:" + mCurState.name);          }      } }

测试代码(需自行修改):

[C#]  纯文本查看  复制代码

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// 创建状态 FSM.FSMState idleState = new FSM.FSMState( "idle" );      //        Idle,               闲置 FSM.FSMState runState  = new FSM.FSMState( "run" );     //        Run,                跑 FSM.FSMState jumpState = new FSM.FSMState( "jump" ); //        Jump,               一段跳 FSM.FSMState doubleJumpState = new FSM.FSMState( "double_jump" );  //        DoubleJump,         二段跳 FSM.FSMState dieState  = new FSM.FSMState( "die" );   //        Die,                挂彩 // 创建跳转 FSM.FSMTranslation touchTranslation1 = new FSM.FSMTranslation(runState, "touch_down" ,jumpState,Jump); FSM.FSMTranslation touchTranslation2 = new FSM.FSMTranslation(jumpState, "touch_down" ,doubleJumpState,DoubleJump);   FSM.FSMTranslation landTranslation1 = new FSM.FSMTranslation(jumpState, "land" ,runState,Run); FSM.FSMTranslation landTranslation2 = new FSM.FSMTranslation(doubleJumpState, "land" ,runState,Run);   // 添加状态 PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (idleState); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (runState); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (jumpState); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (doubleJumpState); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (dieState);   // 添加跳转 PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddTranslation (touchTranslation1); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddTranslation (touchTranslation2); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddTranslation (landTranslation1); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddTranslation (landTranslation2);   PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.Start (runState);[mw_shl_code=csharp, true ]        // 创建状态 FSM.FSMState idleState = new FSM.FSMState( "idle" ); FSM.FSMState runState  = new FSM.FSMState( "run" ); FSM.FSMState jumpState = new FSM.FSMState( "jump" ); FSM.FSMState doubleJumpState = new FSM.FSMState( "double_jump" ); FSM.FSMState dieState  = new FSM.FSMState( "die" ); // 创建跳转 FSM.FSMTranslation touchTranslation1 = new FSM.FSMTranslation(runState, "touch_down" ,jumpState,Jump); FSM.FSMTranslation touchTranslation2 = new FSM.FSMTranslation(jumpState, "touch_down" ,doubleJumpState,DoubleJump);   FSM.FSMTranslation landTranslation1 = new FSM.FSMTranslation(jumpState, "land" ,runState,Run); FSM.FSMTranslation landTranslation2 = new FSM.FSMTranslation(doubleJumpState, "land" ,runState,Run);   // 添加状态 PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (idleState); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (runState); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (jumpState); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (doubleJumpState); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddState (dieState);   // 添加跳转 PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddTranslation (touchTranslation1); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddTranslation (touchTranslation2); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddTranslation (landTranslation1); PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.AddTranslation (landTranslation2);   PlayerModel.Instance ().fsm.Start (runState);

贴上代码地址址:https://github.com/liangxiegame/QFramework/blob/master/Script/DesignPattern/QFSM.cs

  就这些,想要进一步扩展的话,可以给FSMState类添加EnterCallback和ExitCallback等委托,然后在FSM的HandleEvent方法中进行调用。当时对跑酷的项目来说够用了,接没继续扩展了,我好懒- -,懒的借口是:没有最好的设计,只有最适合的设计,233333。

附:[我的框架地址](https://github.com/liangxiegame/QFramework)

转载请注明地址:[凉鞋的笔记](http://liangxiegame.com/)

状态机  unity ;unity 框架搭建;unity 状态机;unity中的状态机;unity搭建框架