卡尔曼滤波器学习之一最小二乘法

本文介绍了卡尔曼滤波器学习过程中的最小二乘法,包括综述、零阶与一阶滤波器的理论及应用实例。通过对测量数据的处理,寻找最佳多项式模型以逼近真实信号,探讨了模型参数的估计方法,并通过实例展示了不同阶数滤波器的效果,强调了模型选择的重要性。
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近期对卡尔曼滤波器很感兴趣,想趁着假期的时候好好学习一下。选择的教材是《Fundamentals of Kalman Filtering A Practical Approach, Third Edition》。本系列按照数据的章节顺序安排内容,本文的内容是书籍的第二章,最小二乘法。

最小二乘法

综述

我们的目标是尽可能的逼近真实信号,通过处理采集来的被噪声污染的信号。主要分为两步:
1. 使用一个多项式模型用于模拟真实信号。可用如下公式来描述模型:

anxn+an1xn1+...+a1x1+a0x0

2. 根据最小二乘法的准则,估计模型中的参数

零阶滤波器

假设有一组测量数据描述一个固定值,如何通过最小二乘法获得该固定值的最优估计。从多项式模型而言,即根据现实情况确定的模型是 a0x0 = a0 ,需要根据最小二乘法估计参数 a0 的值。
假设有 n 个测量数据 xk ,假设最优估计为 a0 ,则

R=k=1n(a0xk)2

R为估计值与测量值差值平方的求和,如果使 R 取到最小值,则认为估计值 a0 为最优估计。当 R 的一阶导数等于零,二阶导数大于零时 R 取到最小值。
R=k=1n(a0xk)2=(a0x1)2+(a0x2)2+...+(a0xn)2

R 求一阶导:
Ra0=0=2(a0x1)+2(a0x2)+...+2(a0xn)

R 的一阶导数为零,则
a0=nk=1xkn

求二阶导:
2Ra02=2
This is a practical guide to building Kalman filters that shows how the filtering equations can be applied to real-life problems. Numerous examples are presented in detail, showing the many ways in which Kalman filters can be designed. Computer code written in FORTRAN, MATLAB®, and True BASIC accompanies all of the examples so that the interested reader can verify concepts and explore issues beyond the scope of the text. In certain instances, the authors intentionally introduce mistakes to the initial filter designs to show the reader what happens when the filter is not working properly. The text carefully sets up a problem before the Kalman filter is actually formulated, to give the reader an intuitive feel for the problem being addressed. Because real problems are seldom presented as differential equations, and usually do not have unique solutions, the authors illustrate several different filtering approaches. Readers will gain experience in software and performance tradeoffs for determining the best filtering approach. The material that has been added to this edition is in response to questions and feedback from readers. The third edition has three new chapters on unusual topics related to Kalman filtering and other filtering techniques based on the method of least squares.Chapter 17 presents a type of filter known as the fixed or finite memory filter, which only remembers a finite number of measurements from the past. Chapter 18 shows how the chain rule from calculus can be used for filter initialization or to avoid filtering altogether. A realistic three-dimensional GPS example is used to illustrate the chain-rule method for filter initialization. Finally, Chapter 19 shows how a bank of linear sine-wave Kalman filters, each one tuned to a different sine-wave frequency, can be used to estimate the actual frequency of noisy sinusoidal measurements and obtain estimates of the states of the sine wave when the measurement noise is low.
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