Combining sketch and tone for pencil drawing production简述

引用Lu C, Xu L, Jia J. Combining sketch and tone forpencil drawing production[C]// Eurographics Association, 2012:65-73.

 

文章中的方法主要包括两个步骤:

1.铅笔笔触的生成---一般场景的结构

2.铅笔色调的绘制---形状,阴影,

笔触画线

笔触是线条画的一个重要成分(包含不同的厚度,扭曲度和亮度),我们也知道艺术家画线不可能一次就花完了,肯定会有一些断断续续的线条。在曲线和连接处笔触会结束。

基于这个,不像先前的方法,利用连续的函数。比如sin函数,等去估计草图。

 

 

首先,计算梯度,我们发现自然场景的梯度图总是嘈杂的且对于笔触的生成不包含连续的边界。对于草图需要生成短线,需要估计每个方向的线估计。普通的是利用梯度方向,但是对于噪声十分敏感而且很不稳定。

这篇文章用了8个方向,每45°一个方向其中被视为卷积的内核。的长度被认为是图片长或宽的1/20。沿着方向梯度的大学形成滤波响应图。

这一部分挺难理解的,我还是根据代码读懂,但也不明白这么做的意义。


1 需要生成一个梯度图

2 用一个具有8个方向的线段和梯度图进行卷积,每一个方向的线段都能卷积一个图,这样生成了8个线段卷积后梯度图,成为Gi

3 比较每个Gi的大小,将最小的Gi的值的下表i赋值给Ci

4CiLi进行卷积,(相当于不像一开始的线段卷积,每个像素都需要和不同的方向的线段进行卷积),现在只需要将对应的方向进行卷积,再将对应方向卷积完的8个图进行相加,就得到了笔触图

作者表达这个过程十分的鲁棒对于噪声而言,然而效果确实很不错,下图可以很明显看出来效果。



利用线条去模拟素描效果很好,这个方法的另一个比较强的能力是去处理纹理。像自然图像有很多细微的细节要处理,比如叶子草之类的

 

色调绘制

艺术家会用笔触的密度,比如画影线,去画阴影。除了线段笔触,这个系统还提出了一个新的策略去渲染铅笔纹理。

色调图的生成

 

如果仅利用图片的色调图生成影线模型,作者认为这不是最优的。如下图



作者提出了一个参数模型去适应铅笔色调的分布。



利用三个函数去拟合曲线的分布,分别是拉普拉斯分布,均匀分布和高斯分布,




每一层利用最大似然估计

基于模型的色调转换

铅笔纹理渲染

 /色调是需要有纹理的铅笔图样



作者从例子中收集了20个色调的纹理去渲染,一个输入图像需要一个模式。

在人类绘画,色调 铅笔的纹理是通过在同一个地方反复绘制而产生的,我们利用笔触的乘法来模拟这个过程。在选定一个笔触之后,作者通过对笔触的乘法来表现纹理,希望用铅笔纹理H(x)的叠加去表现J(x),

利用正则项防止过拟合。这样铅笔纹理图T就生成了,



Robust controller design involves the synthesis of a controller that can handle uncertainties and disturbances in a system. This is typically done by formulating the problem as an optimization problem, where the goal is to find a controller that minimizes a cost function subject to constraints. One approach to robust controller design involves combining prior knowledge with data. Prior knowledge can come from physical laws, engineering principles, or expert knowledge, and can help to constrain the search space for the controller design. Data, on the other hand, can provide information about the behavior of the system under different conditions, and can be used to refine the controller design. The combination of prior knowledge and data can be done in a number of ways, depending on the specific problem and the available information. One common approach is to use a model-based design approach, where a mathematical model of the system is used to design the controller. The model can be based on physical laws, or it can be derived from data using techniques such as system identification. Once a model is available, prior knowledge can be incorporated into the controller design by specifying constraints on the controller parameters or the closed-loop system response. For example, if it is known that the system has a certain level of damping, this can be used to constrain the controller design to ensure that the closed-loop system response satisfies this requirement. Data can be used to refine the controller design by providing information about the uncertainties and disturbances that the system is likely to encounter. This can be done by incorporating data-driven models, such as neural networks or fuzzy logic systems, into the controller design. These models can be trained on data to capture the nonlinearities and uncertainties in the system, and can be used to generate control signals that are robust to these uncertainties. Overall, combining prior knowledge and data is a powerful approach to robust controller design, as it allows the designer to leverage both physical principles and empirical data to design a controller that is robust to uncertainties and disturbances.
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