shuffling(洗牌)

Shuffling is a procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards to provide an element of chance in card games. —wikipedia
 
1.如何洗牌?
我们玩扑克牌时洗牌可以使用Riffle方法,可以参考 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh8iMZY4Nb4
 
2.洗牌算法
那么计算机如何洗牌呢?这就涉及到怎么设计一个洗牌算法,其中Fisher–Yates shuffle是常用到的洗牌算法,非常简单。
伪代码如下:
To shuffle an array a of n elements (indices 0..n-1):
  for i from n − 1 downto 1 do
       j ← random integer with 0 ≤ j ≤ i
       exchange a[j] and a[i]

python代码实现:

deffyshuffling(a):
    fori inrange(len(a)-1,0,-1):
        j=random.randint(0,i)
        a[i],a[j]=a[j],a[i]

注:在python的random模块中提供了shuffle方法,使用的也是Fisher–Yates shuffle算法。
云风在blog里面也讨论过, http://blog.codingnow.com/2007/09/shuffle.html下面的讨论有很多。
 
3.应用。
在随机梯度下降(stochastic gradient descent)中,因为要多次重复再训练集上进行,所以每次打乱训练集的顺序可以用洗牌算法。当然还有其他。
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A shuffling machine in C++ can be implemented using an array to represent the deck of cards and using the random number generator to shuffle the cards. Here is a sample code for a shuffling machine: ``` #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <ctime> using namespace std; const int NUM_CARDS = 52; class ShufflingMachine { private: int deck[NUM_CARDS]; int position; public: ShufflingMachine() { for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CARDS; i++) { deck[i] = i; } position = 0; } void shuffle() { srand(time(NULL)); for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CARDS; i++) { int j = rand() % NUM_CARDS; swap(deck[i], deck[j]); } position = 0; } int dealCard() { if (position >= NUM_CARDS) { shuffle(); } return deck[position++]; } }; int main() { ShufflingMachine shuffler; shuffler.shuffle(); for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CARDS; i++) { cout << shuffler.dealCard() << " "; } cout << endl; return 0; } ``` In this code, the `ShufflingMachine` class represents the shuffling machine. The `deck` array stores the deck of cards, and the `position` variable keeps track of the current position in the deck. The `shuffle` method shuffles the deck by randomly swapping cards. It uses the `srand` function to seed the random number generator with the current time, and the `rand` function to generate random indices for swapping cards. The `dealCard` method deals the next card from the deck. If the deck has been exhausted, it calls the `shuffle` method to shuffle the cards again. In the `main` function, we create a `ShufflingMachine` object and shuffle the cards. Then we deal all the cards and print them out.

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