图像质量评价--SSIM

SSIM 全称为structural similarity (SSIM) indexmeasurement system。是一种衡量两幅图像相似度的指标，其取值范围为[0,1]，值越大越好；

构相似性理论认为，图像是高度结构化的，即像素间有很强的相关性，特别是空域中最接近的像素，这种相关性蕴含着视觉场景中物体结构的重要信息；作为结构相似性理论的实现，结构相似度指数从图像组成的角度将结构信息定义为独立于亮度、对比度的，反映场景中物体结构的属性，并将失真建模为亮度、对比度和结构三个不同因素的组合。用均值作为亮度的估计，标准差作为对比度的估计，协方差作为结构相似程度的估计，计算数学模型如下：

亮度表示L：

对比度表示C

结构相似性表示S

其中:

C1、C2、C3为常数，为了避免分母为0的情况，通常取C1=(K1*L)^2,C2=(K2*L)^2, C3=C2/2, K1=0.01, K2=0.03, L=255.

在实际应用中，可以利用滑动窗将图像分块，令分块总数为N，考虑到窗口形状对分块的影响，采用高斯加权计算每一窗口的均值、方差以及协方差，然后计算对应块的结构相似度SSIM，最后将平均值作为两图像的结构相似性度量，即平均结构相似性MSSIM:

matlab code 如下：

function [mssim, ssim_map] = ssim(img1, img2, K, window, L)

% ========================================================================
% Edited code by Adam Turcotte and Nicolas Robidoux
% Laurentian University
% Sudbury, ON, Canada
% Last Modified: 2011-01-22
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% This code implements a refactored computation of SSIM that requires
% one fewer blur (4 instead of 5), the same number of pixel-by-pixel
% binary operations (10), and two fewer unary operations (6 instead of 8).
%
% In addition, this version reduces memory usage with in-place functions.
% As a result, it supports larger input images.
%========================================================================

% ========================================================================
% SSIM Index with automatic downsampling, Version 1.0
% Copyright(c) 2009 Zhou Wang
% All Rights Reserved.
%
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Permission to use, copy, or modify this software and its documentation
% for educational and research purposes only and without fee is hereby
% granted, provided that this copyright notice and the original authors'
% names appear on all copies and supporting documentation. This program
% shall not be used, rewritten, or adapted as the basis of a commercial
% software or hardware product without first obtaining permission of the
% authors. The authors make no representations about the suitability of
% this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express
% or implied warranty.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
%
% This is an implementation of the algorithm for calculating the
% Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index between two images
%
% Please refer to the following paper and the website with suggested usage
%
% Z. Wang, A. C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh, and E. P. Simoncelli, "Image
% quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity,"
% IEEE Transactios on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 600-612,
% Apr. 2004.
%
% http://www.ece.uwaterloo.ca/~z70wang/research/ssim/
%
% Note: This program is different from ssim_index.m, where no automatic
% downsampling is performed. (downsampling was done in the above paper
% and was described as suggested usage in the above website.)
%
% Kindly report any suggestions or corrections to zhouwang@ieee.org
%
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
%
%Input : (1) img1: the first image being compared
%        (2) img2: the second image being compared
%        (3) K: constants in the SSIM index formula (see the above
%            reference). defualt value: K = [0.01 0.03]
%        (4) window: local window for statistics (see the above
%            reference). default widnow is Gaussian given by
%            window = fspecial('gaussian', 11, 1.5);
%        (5) L: dynamic range of the images. default: L = 255
%
%Output: (1) mssim: the mean SSIM index value between 2 images.
%            If one of the images being compared is regarded as 
%            perfect quality, then mssim can be considered as the
%            quality measure of the other image.
%            If img1 = img2, then mssim = 1.
%        (2) ssim_map: the SSIM index map of the test image. The map
%            has a smaller size than the input images. The actual size
%            depends on the window size and the downsampling factor.
%
%Basic Usage:
%   Given 2 test images img1 and img2, whose dynamic range is 0-255
%
%   [mssim, ssim_map] = ssim(img1, img2);
%
%Advanced Usage:
%   User defined parameters. For example
%
%   K = [0.05 0.05];
%   window = ones(8);
%   L = 100;
%   [mssim, ssim_map] = ssim(img1, img2, K, window, L);
%
%Visualize the results:
%
%   mssim                        %Gives the mssim value
%   imshow(max(0, ssim_map).^4)  %Shows the SSIM index map
%========================================================================


if (nargin < 2 || nargin > 5)
   mssim = -Inf;
   ssim_map = -Inf;
   return;
end

if (size(img1) ~= size(img2))
   mssim = -Inf;
   ssim_map = -Inf;
   return;
end

[M N] = size(img1);

if (nargin == 2)
   if ((M < 11) || (N < 11))
	   mssim = -Inf;
	   ssim_map = -Inf;
      return
   end
   window = fspecial('gaussian', 11, 1.5);	%
   K(1) = 0.01;					% default settings
   K(2) = 0.03;					%
   L = 255;                                     %
end

if (nargin == 3)
   if ((M < 11) || (N < 11))
	   mssim = -Inf;
	   ssim_map = -Inf;
      return
   end
   window = fspecial('gaussian', 11, 1.5);
   L = 255;
   if (length(K) == 2)
      if (K(1) < 0 || K(2) < 0)
		   mssim = -Inf;
   		ssim_map = -Inf;
	   	return;
      end
   else
	   mssim = -Inf;
   	ssim_map = -Inf;
	   return;
   end
end

if (nargin == 4)
   [H W] = size(window);
   if ((H*W) < 4 || (H > M) || (W > N))
	   mssim = -Inf;
	   ssim_map = -Inf;
      return
   end
   L = 255;
   if (length(K) == 2)
      if (K(1) < 0 || K(2) < 0)
		   mssim = -Inf;
   		ssim_map = -Inf;
	   	return;
      end
   else
	   mssim = -Inf;
   	ssim_map = -Inf;
	   return;
   end
end

if (nargin == 5)
   [H W] = size(window);
   if ((H*W) < 4 || (H > M) || (W > N))
	   mssim = -Inf;
	   ssim_map = -Inf;
      return
   end
   if (length(K) == 2)
      if (K(1) < 0 || K(2) < 0)
		   mssim = -Inf;
   		ssim_map = -Inf;
	   	return;
      end
   else
	   mssim = -Inf;
   	ssim_map = -Inf;
	   return;
   end
end


img1 = double(img1);
img2 = double(img2);

% automatic downsampling
f = max(1,round(min(M,N)/256));
%downsampling by f
%use a simple low-pass filter 
if(f>1)
    lpf = ones(f,f);
    lpf = (1./(f*f))*lpf;
    img1 = imfilter(img1,lpf,'symmetric','same');
    img2 = imfilter(img2,lpf,'symmetric','same');

    img1 = img1(1:f:end,1:f:end);
    img2 = img2(1:f:end,1:f:end);
end

C1 = (K(1)*L)^2;
C2 = (K(2)*L)^2;
window = window/sum(sum(window));
ssim_map = filter2(window, img1, 'valid');        % gx
w1 = filter2(window, img2, 'valid');              % gy
w2 = ssim_map.*w1;                                % gx*gy
w2 = 2*w2+C1;                                     % 2*(gx*gy)+C1 = num1
w1 = (w1-ssim_map).^2+w2;                         % (gy-gx)^2+num1 = den1
ssim_map = filter2(window, img1.*img2, 'valid');  % g(x*y)
ssim_map = (2*ssim_map+(C1+C2))-w2;               % 2*g(x*y)+(C1+C2)-num1 = num2
ssim_map = ssim_map.*w2;                          % num
img1 = img1.^2;                                   % x^2
img2 = img2.^2;                                   % y^2
img1 = img1+img2;                                 % x^2+y^2

if (C1 > 0 && C2 > 0)
   w2 = filter2(window, img1, 'valid');           % g(x^2+y^2)
   w2 = w2-w1+(C1+C2);                            % den2
   w2 = w2.*w1;                                   % den
   ssim_map = ssim_map./w2;                       % num/den = ssim
else
   w3 = filter2(window, img1, 'valid');           % g(x^2+y^2)
   w3 = w3-w1+(C1+C2);                            % den2
   w4 = ones(size(w1));
   index = (w1.*w3 > 0);
   w4(index) = (ssim_map(index))./(w1(index).*w3(index));
   index = (w1 ~= 0) & (w3 == 0);
   w4(index) = w2(index)./w1(index);
   ssim_map = w4;
end

mssim = mean2(ssim_map);

return

refs:

http://ssim.rivetsforbreakfast.com/