电极子和磁极子

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最新推荐文章于 2022-06-20 16:06:24 发布

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分类专栏：电动力学文章标签：电动力学偶极子

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静电势的多极展开

数学公式

场量 $f(\mathbf r-\mathbf r_0)$ 在 $\mathbf r_0=0$ 附近展开的公式：

f （ r - r 0 ） = f (r) - r 0 \cdot \nabla f (r) + 1 2 r 0 r 0 : \nabla \nabla f (r) + \dots

$f（\mathbf r- \mathbf r_0）= f(\mathbf r)-\mathbf r_0\cdot\nabla f(\mathbf r) +\dfrac12\mathbf r_0\mathbf r_0:\nabla\nabla f(\mathbf r)+\cdots$

f(r−r0)=1|r−r0| $f(\mathbf r-\mathbf r_0)=\dfrac1{|\mathbf r-\mathbf r_0|}$ ，保留前三项时，

1 | r - r 0 | = 1 r + r 0 \cdot r r 3 + r 0 r 0 : ( 3 r r - r 2 I ⃗ ) 2 r 5 + \dots

$\dfrac1{|\mathbf r-\mathbf r_0|}=\dfrac1r+\dfrac{\mathbf r_0\cdot \mathbf r}{r^3}+\dfrac{\mathbf r_0\mathbf r_0:(3\mathbf r\mathbf r-r^2\vec{\mathbf I})}{2r^5}+\cdots$
或采用

1 | x - x ' | = 1 | x | + x ' i x i | x | 3 + x i x j ( 3 x ' i x ' j - | x ' | 2 δ i j ) 2 | x | 5

$\dfrac1{|\mathbf x-\mathbf x'|}=\dfrac1{|\mathbf x|}+\dfrac{x_i'x_i}{|\mathbf x|^3}+\dfrac{x_ix_j(3x_i'x_j'-|\mathbf x'|^2\delta_{ij})}{2|\mathbf x|^5}$

静电势的多极展开

Φ (x) = 1 4 π ε 0 \int V ρ ( x ' ) | x - x ' | d 3 x' = 1 4 π ε 0 [q | x | + p \cdot x | x | 3 + 1 2 Q i j x i x j | x | 5 + \dots]

$\begin{array} a\Phi(\mathbf x)=\dfrac1{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\int_V\dfrac{\rho(\mathbf x')}{|\mathbf x-\mathbf x'|}\mathrm d^3\mathbf x'\\ =\dfrac1{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\left[\dfrac q{|\mathbf x|}+\dfrac{\mathbf p\cdot\mathbf x}{|\mathbf x|^3}+\dfrac12Q_{ij}\dfrac{x_ix_j}{|\mathbf x|^5}+\cdots\right] \end{array}$
其中

q = \int ρ (x') d 3 x' p i = \int ρ x' i d 3 x' Q i j = \int ρ (3 x' i x' j - | x' | 2 δ i j) d 3 x'

$q=\int\rho(\mathbf x')\mathrm d^3\mathbf x'\\ p_i=\int\rho x_i'\mathrm d^3\mathbf x'\\ Q_{ij}=\int\rho(3x_i'x_j'-|\mathbf x'|^2\delta_{ij})\mathrm d^3\mathbf x'$
分别称为单极(monopole)，电偶极矩(EDM, electric dipole moment)，电四极矩
其中因为

∑iQii=0,Qij=Qji $\sum_iQ_{ii}=0,Q_{ij}=Q_{ji}$ ，所以电四极矩

Qij $Q_{ij}$ 实际上只有

5 $5$ 个独立参量.

静电势在球坐标系下的多极展开

1 x - x ' = 4 π \sum l = 0 \infty \sum m = - l l 1 2 l + 1 | x ' | l | x | l + 1 Y * l m (θ', φ') \Rightarrow Φ (x) = 1 4 π ε 0 \sum l = 0 \infty \sum m = - l l 4 π 2 l + 1 a l m Y l m ( θ , φ ) | x | l + 1

$\dfrac1{\mathbf x-\mathbf x'}=4\pi\sum_{l=0}^\infty\sum_{m=-l}^{l}\dfrac{1}{2l+1}\dfrac{|\mathbf x'|^l}{|\mathbf x|^{l+1}}Y_{lm}^*(\theta',\varphi')\\\Rightarrow\Phi(\mathbf x)=\dfrac1{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\sum_{l=0}^\infty\sum_{m=-l}^{l}\dfrac{4\pi}{2l+1}a_{lm}\dfrac{Y_{lm}(\theta,\varphi)}{|\mathbf x|^{l+1}}$

alm=⋯,al−m=(−1)malm $a_{lm}=\cdots,a_{l-m}=(-1)^ma_{lm}$

⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ a 11 = - 3 8 π - - - \sqrt (p x - i p y) a 10 = 3 4 π - - - \sqrt p z a 1 - 1 = - a 11

$\begin{cases} a_{11}=-\sqrt{\dfrac3{8\pi}}(p_x-ip_y)\\ a_{10}=\sqrt{\dfrac3{4\pi}}p_z\\ a_{1-1}=-a_{11} \end{cases}$

⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ a 22 = 1 12 15 2 π - - - \sqrt (Q 11 - 2 i Q 12 + Q 22) a 21 = - 1 3 15 8 π - - - \sqrt (Q 13 - i Q 23) a 20 = 1 2 5 4 π - - - \sqrt Q 33 a 2 - 1 = - a 21 a 2 - 2 = a 22

$\begin{cases} a_{22}=\dfrac1{12}\sqrt{\dfrac{15}{2\pi}}(Q_{11}-2iQ_{12}+Q_{22})\\ a_{21}=-\dfrac13\sqrt{\dfrac{15}{8\pi}}(Q_{13}-iQ_{23})\\ a_{20}=\dfrac12\sqrt{\dfrac{5}{4\pi}}Q_{33}\\ a_{2-1}=-a_{21}\\ a_{2-2}=a_{22} \end{cases}$

定域电荷体系在外电场中的行为刻画

W = \int V ρ (x) Φ (x) d 3 x

$W=\int_V\rho(\mathbf x)\Phi(\mathbf x)\mathrm d^3\mathbf x$

Φ (x) = Φ (0) + x \cdot \nabla Φ (0) + 1 2 x i x j \partial 2 Φ ( 0 ) \partial x i \partial x j + \dots

$\Phi(\mathbf x)=\Phi(0)+\mathbf x\cdot\nabla\Phi(0)+\dfrac12x_ix_j\dfrac{\partial^2\Phi(0)}{\partial x_i\partial x_j}+\cdots$
因为

E=−∇Φ $\mathbf E=-\nabla\Phi$ ，所以

Φ (x) = Φ (0) - x \cdot E - 1 2 x i x j \partial E i \partial x j + \dots

$\Phi(\mathbf x)=\Phi(0)-\mathbf x\cdot\mathbf E-\dfrac12x_ix_j\dfrac{\partial E_i}{\partial x_j}+\cdots$
因为

\int V δ i j \partial E i \partial x j = \nabla \cdot E = 0

$\int_V\delta_{ij}\dfrac{\partial E_i}{\partial x_j}=\nabla\cdot\mathbf E=0$
所以可以添上这一项，得到

Φ (x) = Φ (0) - x \cdot E - 1 6 (3 x i x j - r 2 δ i j) \partial E i \partial x j + \dots

$\Phi(\mathbf x)=\Phi(0)-\mathbf x\cdot\mathbf E-\dfrac16(3x_ix_j-r^2\delta_{ij})\dfrac{\partial E_i}{\partial x_j}+\cdots$
进而

W = q Φ (0) - p \cdot E (0) - 1 6 Q i j \partial E i \partial x j + \dots

$W=q\Phi(0)-\mathbf p\cdot\mathbf E(0)-\dfrac16Q_{ij}\dfrac{\partial E_i}{\partial x_j}+\cdots$

静磁势的多极展开

磁矢势方程的推导

\nabla \cdot B = 0 \Rightarrow B = \nabla \times A

$\nabla\cdot\mathbf B=0\Rightarrow \mathbf B=\nabla\times \mathbf A$

\nabla \times B = μ 0 j \Rightarrow \nabla (\nabla \cdot A) - \nabla 2 A = μ 0 j

$\nabla\times\mathbf B=\mu_0\mathbf j\Rightarrow \nabla(\nabla\cdot \mathbf A)-\nabla^2\mathbf A=\mu_0\mathbf j$
采用库仑规范

∇⋅A=0 $\nabla\cdot \mathbf A=0$

\Rightarrow \nabla 2 A = - μ 0 j

$\Rightarrow\nabla^2\mathbf A=-\mu_0\mathbf j$
得到和电场的方程类似的形式

磁矢势的多极展开

A (x') = u 0 4 π \int j ( x ' ) | x - x ' | d 3 x' = u 0 4 π \int [j ( x ' ) | x | + j ( x ' ) x \cdot x ' | x | 3 + \dots] d 3 x'

$\mathbf A(\mathbf x')=\dfrac{u_0}{4\pi}\int\dfrac{\mathbf j(\mathbf x')}{|\mathbf x-\mathbf x'|}\mathrm d^3\mathbf x'\\=\dfrac{u_0}{4\pi}\int\left[\dfrac{\mathbf j(\mathbf x')}{|\mathbf x|}+\dfrac{\mathbf j(\mathbf x')\mathbf x\cdot \mathbf x'}{|\mathbf x|^3}+\cdots\right]\mathrm d^3\mathbf x'$

证明：磁单极子等于0

对于任一对函数 $f(\mathbf x'),g(\mathbf x')$ 和局域电流 $\mathbf j(x')$

\int V \nabla' \cdot (f g j) d τ = \int \partial V (f g j) \cdot d σ = 0

$\int_V\nabla'\cdot(fg\mathbf j)\mathrm d\tau=\int_{\partial V}(fg\mathbf j)\cdot\mathrm d\sigma=0$
所以

\int d 3 x' [f (j \cdot \nabla' g) + g j \cdot \nabla' f + f g \nabla' \cdot j] = 0

$\int\mathrm d^3\mathbf x'[f(\mathbf j\cdot\nabla'g)+g\mathbf j\cdot\nabla'f+fg\nabla'\cdot\mathbf j]=0$
取

f=1,g=x′i $f=1,g=x_i'$ ，则

∇′f=0,∇′g=ei $\nabla'f=0,\nabla'g=\mathbf e_i$ ，且

∇′⋅j=0 $\nabla'\cdot \mathbf j=0$ ，所以有

\int j i (x') d 3 x' = 0

$\int j_i(\mathbf x')\mathrm d^3\mathbf x' =0$

第二项

A (2) (x) = - μ 0 4 π x \times m | m | 3 m = 1 2 \int (x' \times j (x')) d 3 x

$\mathbf A^{(2)} (\mathbf x)= -\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{\mathbf x\times \mathbf m}{|\mathbf m|^3}\\\mathbf m=\dfrac12\int(\mathbf x'\times \mathbf j(\mathbf x'))\mathrm d^3\mathbf x$