电磁场的能量守恒和动量守恒

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-20 23:09:39 发布

东门之杨

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-20 23:09:39 发布

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分类专栏：电动力学文章标签：电动力学

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013795675/article/details/48752575

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麦克斯韦方程组

⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ \nabla \cdot E = ρ ε 0 \nabla \times E = - \partial B \partial t \nabla \cdot B = 0 \nabla \times B = μ 0 j

$\begin{cases} \nabla\cdot\mathbf E=\dfrac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}\\ \nabla\times\mathbf E=-\dfrac{\partial B}{\partial t}\\ \nabla\cdot\mathbf B=0\\ \nabla\times\mathbf B=\mu_0\mathbf j \end{cases}$

\nabla \cdot (\nabla \times E) = \nabla \cdot (- \partial B \partial t) = - \partial ( \nabla \cdot B ) \partial t = 0

$\nabla\cdot(\nabla\times\mathbf E)=\nabla\cdot(-\dfrac{\partial B}{\partial t})=-\dfrac{\partial (\nabla\cdot \mathbf B)}{\partial t}=0$

这说明前两个方程是合理、自洽的.但是

\nabla \cdot (\nabla \times B) = \nabla \cdot (μ 0 j) = μ 0 (- \partial ρ \partial t)

$\nabla\cdot(\nabla\times\mathbf B)=\nabla\cdot(\mu_0\mathbf j)=\mu_0(-\dfrac{\partial\rho}{\partial t})$

结果并不总是等于 $0$ ,为此，Maxwell引入位移电流 $\mathbf j_d$ ，即

\nabla \times B = μ 0 (j + j d)

$\nabla\times\mathbf B=\mu_0(\mathbf{ j+j}_d)$
由此

\nabla \cdot (\nabla \times B) = \nabla \cdot [μ 0 (j + j d)] = μ 0 [\nabla \cdot j d - \partial ρ \partial t] = μ 0 [\nabla \cdot j d - ε 0 \partial ( \nabla \cdot E ) \partial t] = 0 \Rightarrow j d \equiv ε 0 \partial E \partial t

$\nabla\cdot(\nabla\times\mathbf B)=\nabla\cdot[\mu_0(\mathbf{ j+j}_d)]=\mu_0[\nabla\cdot \mathbf j_d-\dfrac{\partial\rho}{\partial t}]=\mu_0[\nabla\cdot \mathbf j_d-\varepsilon_0\dfrac{\partial(\nabla\cdot\mathbf E)}{\partial t}]=0\\\Rightarrow\mathbf j_d\equiv\varepsilon_0\dfrac{\partial \mathbf E}{\partial t}$

所以方程组修改为

⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ \nabla \cdot E = ρ ε 0 \nabla \times E = - \partial B \partial t \nabla \cdot B = 0 \nabla \times B = μ 0 j + ε 0 μ 0 \partial E \partial t

$\begin{cases} \nabla\cdot\mathbf E=\dfrac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}\\ \nabla\times\mathbf E=-\dfrac{\partial B}{\partial t}\\ \nabla\cdot\mathbf B=0\\ \nabla\times\mathbf B=\mu_0\mathbf j+\varepsilon_0\mu_0\dfrac{\partial \mathbf E}{\partial t} \end{cases}$

洛伦兹力方程

宏观

F = q E + q v \times B

$\mathbf F=q\mathbf E+q\mathbf{v\times B}$
微观

f = ρ E + j \times B

$\mathbf f=\rho\mathbf E+\mathbf j\times \mathbf B$
Maxwell方程组和洛伦兹力方程一起构成了经典电动力学的基础。

能量守恒

能量守恒的目标形式是

∭ W d τ - d d t ∭ ω d τ - \oint S \cdot d σ = ∭ W d τ - d d t ∭ ω d τ - ∭ \nabla \cdot S d τ \Rightarrow W = - d ω d t - \nabla \cdot S

$\iiint W\mathrm d\tau-\dfrac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt}\iiint\omega\mathrm d\tau-\oint\mathbf S\cdot\mathrm d\sigma\\=\iiint W\mathrm d\tau-\dfrac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt}\iiint\omega\mathrm d\tau-\iiint\nabla\cdot\mathbf S\mathrm d\tau\\\Rightarrow W=-\dfrac{\mathrm d\omega}{\mathrm dt}-\nabla\cdot\mathbf S$

其中 $W$ 是一定空间 $V$ 内在合体能量增加率， $\omega$ 是电磁场能量密度， $\mathbf S$ 是能流密度.

W = E \cdot j = E \cdot (1 μ 0 \nabla \times B - ε 0 \partial E \partial t) = 1 μ 0 E \cdot (\nabla \times B) - ε 0 E \cdot \partial E \partial t = 1 μ 0 [- \nabla \cdot (E \times B) + B \cdot (\nabla \times E)] - ε 0 E \cdot \partial E \partial t = - 1 μ 0 \nabla \cdot (E \times B) + 1 μ 0 B \cdot (\nabla \times E) - ε 0 E \cdot \partial E \partial t = - 1 μ 0 \nabla \cdot (E \times B) + 1 μ 0 B \cdot (- \partial B \partial t) - ε 0 E \cdot \partial E \partial t = - \nabla \cdot [1 μ 0 (E \times B)] - 1 2 \partial \partial t [1 μ 0 B 2 + ε 0 E 2]

$\begin{array} &W=\mathbf{E\cdot j} \\=\mathbf E\cdot(\dfrac1{\mu_0}\nabla\times \mathbf B-\varepsilon_0\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t}) \\=\dfrac1{\mu_0}\mathbf E\cdot(\nabla\times \mathbf B)-\varepsilon_0\mathbf E\cdot\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t} \\=\dfrac1{\mu_0}[-\nabla\cdot(\mathbf E\times \mathbf B)+\mathbf B\cdot(\nabla\times \mathbf E)]-\varepsilon_0\mathbf E\cdot\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t} \\=-\dfrac1{\mu_0}\nabla\cdot(\mathbf E\times \mathbf B)+\dfrac1{\mu_0}\mathbf B\cdot(\nabla\times \mathbf E)-\varepsilon_0\mathbf E\cdot\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t} \\=-\dfrac1{\mu_0}\nabla\cdot(\mathbf E\times \mathbf B)+\dfrac1{\mu_0}\mathbf B\cdot(-\dfrac{\partial\mathbf B}{\partial t})-\varepsilon_0\mathbf E\cdot\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t} \\=-\nabla\cdot\left[\dfrac1{\mu_0}(\mathbf E\times \mathbf B)\right]-\dfrac12\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left[\dfrac1{\mu_0} B^2+\varepsilon_0 E^2\right] \end{array}$

比较一下理想形式，可以得到

S = 1 μ 0 (E \times B) ω = 1 2 (1 μ 0 B 2 + ε 0 E 2)

$\mathbf S=\dfrac1{\mu_0}(\mathbf E\times \mathbf B)\\\omega=\dfrac12\left(\dfrac1{\mu_0} B^2+\varepsilon_0 E^2\right)$

动量守恒

动量守恒的目标形式是

∭ f d τ - d d t ∭ g d τ - \oint T ⃗ \cdot d σ = ∭ f d τ - d d t ∭ g d τ - ∭ \nabla \cdot T ⃗ d τ \Rightarrow f = - d g d t - \nabla \cdot T ⃗

$\iiint \mathbf f\mathrm d\tau-\dfrac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt}\iiint\mathbf g\mathrm d\tau-\oint\vec{\mathbf T}\cdot\mathrm d\sigma\\=\iiint \mathbf f\mathrm d\tau-\dfrac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt}\iiint\mathbf g\mathrm d\tau-\iiint\nabla\cdot\vec{\mathbf T}\mathrm d\tau\\\Rightarrow \mathbf f=-\dfrac{\mathrm d\mathbf g}{\mathrm dt}-\nabla\cdot\vec{\mathbf T}$

其中 $\mathbf f$ 是一定空间 $V$ 内在合体动能增加率， $\mathbf g$ 是电磁场动量密度， $\vec{\mathbf T}$ 是动量流密度.

f = ρ E + j \times B = ε 0 (\nabla \cdot E) E + (1 μ 0 \nabla \times B - ε 0 \partial E \partial t) \times B = ε 0 (\nabla \cdot E) E + 1 μ 0 (\nabla \times B) \times B - ε 0 \partial E \partial t \times B

$\begin{array} &\mathbf f=\rho\mathbf E+\mathbf j\times \mathbf B \\=\varepsilon_0(\nabla\cdot \mathbf E)\mathbf E+(\dfrac1{\mu_0}\nabla\times \mathbf B-\varepsilon_0\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t})\times \mathbf B \\=\varepsilon_0(\nabla\cdot \mathbf E)\mathbf E+\dfrac1{\mu_0}(\nabla\times \mathbf B)\times \mathbf B-\varepsilon_0\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t}\times \mathbf B \end{array}$
利用Maxwell方程组的另外两个方程

0 = 1 μ 0 (\nabla \cdot B) B + ε 0 (\nabla \times E) \times E + ε 0 \partial B \partial t \times E

$0=\dfrac1\mu_0(\nabla\cdot \mathbf B)\mathbf B+\varepsilon_0(\nabla\times \mathbf E)\times \mathbf E+\varepsilon_0\dfrac{\partial\mathbf B}{\partial t}\times \mathbf E$

两式相加，得

f = ε 0 [(\nabla \cdot E) E + (\nabla \times E) \times E] + 1 μ 0 [(\nabla \cdot B) B + (\nabla \times B) \times B] - ε 0 [\partial E \partial t \times B - \partial B \partial t \times E]

$\begin{array} &\mathbf f=\varepsilon_0[(\nabla\cdot \mathbf E)\mathbf E+(\nabla\times \mathbf E)\times \mathbf E]+\dfrac1\mu_0[(\nabla\cdot \mathbf B)\mathbf B+(\nabla\times \mathbf B)\times \mathbf B]-\varepsilon_0\left[\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t}\times \mathbf B-\dfrac{\partial\mathbf B}{\partial t}\times \mathbf E\right] \end{array}$
因为

\nabla \cdot (E E) = (E \cdot \nabla) E + (\nabla \cdot E) E (\nabla \times E) \times E = (E \cdot \nabla) E - 1 2 \nabla E 2

$\nabla\cdot(\mathbf E\mathbf E)=(\mathbf E\cdot \nabla)\mathbf E+(\nabla\cdot \mathbf E)\mathbf E\\(\nabla\times \mathbf E)\times \mathbf E=(\mathbf E\cdot\nabla)\mathbf E-\dfrac12\nabla E^2$
所以

(\nabla \cdot E) E + (\nabla \times E) \times E = \nabla \cdot (E E) - 1 2 \nabla E 2 = \nabla \cdot (E E) - 1 2 \nabla \cdot (E 2 I ⃗) = \nabla \cdot (E E - 1 2 E 2 I ⃗)

$(\nabla\cdot \mathbf E)\mathbf E+(\nabla\times \mathbf E)\times \mathbf E=\nabla\cdot(\mathbf E\mathbf E)-\dfrac12\nabla E^2\\=\nabla\cdot(\mathbf E\mathbf E)-\dfrac12\nabla\cdot( E^2\vec{\mathbf I})\\=\nabla\cdot(\mathbf E\mathbf E-\dfrac12 E^2\vec{\mathbf I})$
同理

(\nabla \cdot B) B + (\nabla \times B) \times B = \nabla \cdot (B B - 1 2 B 2 I ⃗)

$(\nabla\cdot \mathbf B)\mathbf B+(\nabla\times \mathbf B)\times \mathbf B=\nabla\cdot(\mathbf B\mathbf B-\dfrac12 B^2\vec{\mathbf I})$
又有

\partial \partial t (E \times B) = \partial E \partial t \times B + E \times \partial B \partial t = \partial E \partial t \times B - \partial B \partial t \times E

$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}(\mathbf E\times \mathbf B)=\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t}\times \mathbf B+\mathbf E\times \dfrac{\partial\mathbf B}{\partial t}\\=\dfrac{\partial\mathbf E}{\partial t}\times \mathbf B- \dfrac{\partial\mathbf B}{\partial t}\times\mathbf E$

所以得到

f = - ε 0 \partial \partial t (E \times B) - \nabla \cdot (1 2 (ε 0 E 2 I ⃗ + 1 μ 0 B 2 I ⃗) - ε 0 E E - 1 μ 0 B B)

$\begin{array} &\mathbf f=-\varepsilon_0\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}(\mathbf E\times \mathbf B)-\nabla\cdot\left(\dfrac12( \varepsilon_0E^2\vec{\mathbf I}+\dfrac1{\mu_0}B^2\vec{\mathbf I})-\varepsilon_0\mathbf E\mathbf E-\dfrac1{\mu_0}\mathbf B\mathbf B\right) \end{array}$
比较一下理想形式，可以得到

g = ε 0 E \times B T ⃗ = 1 2 (ε 0 E 2 I ⃗ + 1 μ 0 B 2 I ⃗) - ε 0 E E - 1 μ 0 B B

$\mathbf {g}={\varepsilon_0 }\mathbf E\times \mathbf B\\\vec{\mathbf T}=\dfrac12( \varepsilon_0E^2\vec{\mathbf I}+\dfrac1{\mu_0}B^2\vec{\mathbf I})-\varepsilon_0\mathbf E\mathbf E-\dfrac1{\mu_0}\mathbf B\mathbf B$

g = ε 0 μ 0 S = S c 2

$\mathbf g=\varepsilon_0\mu_0\mathbf S=\dfrac{\mathbf S}{c^2}$

本篇主要参考俞允强《电动力学简明教程》

东门之杨

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电磁场的能量守恒和动量守恒

麦克斯韦方程组⎧⎩⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪∇⋅E=ρε0∇×E=−∂B∂t∇⋅B=0∇×B=μ0j\begin{cases}\nabla\cdot\mathbf E=\dfrac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}\\\nabla\times\mathbf E=-\dfrac{\partial B}{\partial t}\\\nabla\cdot\mathbf B=0\\\nabl
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