图像处理中的一阶偏导和二阶偏导

1. 一阶差分：

2. 二阶偏导数的推导和近似：

3. 上式以点（i+1，j）为中心，用i代换i+1可得以（i,j）为中心的二阶偏导数则有：

4. 同理：

5. 进而可推导：

6. 这样我们就可以很好的运用其他的一阶偏导的定义，如SIFT特征OpenCV实现版本中的一阶以及二阶偏导：

[cpp] view plain copy print ?

1. /*
2. Computes the partial derivatives in x, y, and scale of a pixel in the DoG
3. scale space pyramid.
5. @param dog_pyr DoG scale space pyramid
6. @param octv pixel's octave in dog_pyr
7. @param intvl pixel's interval in octv
8. @param r pixel's image row
9. @param c pixel's image col
11. @return Returns the vector of partial derivatives for pixel I
12.     { dI/dx, dI/dy, dI/ds }^T as a CvMat*
13. */ 
14. static CvMat* deriv_3D( IplImage*** dog_pyr, int octv, int intvl, int r, int c ) 
15. { 
16.     CvMat* dI; 
17.     double dx, dy, ds; 
18.  
19.     dx = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c+1 ) - 
20.         pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c-1 ) ) / 2.0; 
21.     dy = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r+1, c ) - 
22.         pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r-1, c ) ) / 2.0; 
23.     ds = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r, c ) - 
24.         pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r, c ) ) / 2.0; 
25.  
26.     dI = cvCreateMat( 3, 1, CV_64FC1 ); 
27.     cvmSet( dI, 0, 0, dx ); 
28.     cvmSet( dI, 1, 0, dy ); 
29.     cvmSet( dI, 2, 0, ds ); 
30.  
31.     return dI; 
32. } 
33.  
34.  
35.  
36. /*
37. Computes the 3D Hessian matrix for a pixel in the DoG scale space pyramid.
39. @param dog_pyr DoG scale space pyramid
40. @param octv pixel's octave in dog_pyr
41. @param intvl pixel's interval in octv
42. @param r pixel's image row
43. @param c pixel's image col
45. @return Returns the Hessian matrix (below) for pixel I as a CvMat*
47.     / Ixx  Ixy  Ixs / <BR>
48.     | Ixy  Iyy  Iys | <BR>
49.     / Ixs  Iys  Iss /
50. */ 
51. static CvMat* hessian_3D( IplImage*** dog_pyr, int octv, int intvl, int r, int c ) 
52. { 
53.     CvMat* H; 
54.     double v, dxx, dyy, dss, dxy, dxs, dys; 
55.  
56.     v = pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c ); 
57.     dxx = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c+1 ) +  
58.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c-1 ) - 2 * v ); 
59.     dyy = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r+1, c ) + 
60.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r-1, c ) - 2 * v ); 
61.     dss = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r, c ) + 
62.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r, c ) - 2 * v ); 
63.     dxy = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r+1, c+1 ) - 
64.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r+1, c-1 ) - 
65.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r-1, c+1 ) + 
66.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r-1, c-1 ) ) / 4.0; 
67.     dxs = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r, c+1 ) - 
68.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r, c-1 ) - 
69.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r, c+1 ) + 
70.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r, c-1 ) ) / 4.0; 
71.     dys = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r+1, c ) - 
72.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r-1, c ) - 
73.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r+1, c ) + 
74.             pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r-1, c ) ) / 4.0; 
75.  
76.     H = cvCreateMat( 3, 3, CV_64FC1 ); 
77.     cvmSet( H, 0, 0, dxx ); 
78.     cvmSet( H, 0, 1, dxy ); 
79.     cvmSet( H, 0, 2, dxs ); 
80.     cvmSet( H, 1, 0, dxy ); 
81.     cvmSet( H, 1, 1, dyy ); 
82.     cvmSet( H, 1, 2, dys ); 
83.     cvmSet( H, 2, 0, dxs ); 
84.     cvmSet( H, 2, 1, dys ); 
85.     cvmSet( H, 2, 2, dss ); 
86.  
87.     return H; 
88. } 

/* Computes the partial derivatives in x, y, and scale of a pixel in the DoG scale space pyramid. @param dog_pyr DoG scale space pyramid @param octv pixel's octave in dog_pyr @param intvl pixel's interval in octv @param r pixel's image row @param c pixel's image col @return Returns the vector of partial derivatives for pixel I { dI/dx, dI/dy, dI/ds }^T as a CvMat* */ static CvMat* deriv_3D( IplImage*** dog_pyr, int octv, int intvl, int r, int c ) { CvMat* dI; double dx, dy, ds; dx = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c+1 ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c-1 ) ) / 2.0; dy = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r+1, c ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r-1, c ) ) / 2.0; ds = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r, c ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r, c ) ) / 2.0; dI = cvCreateMat( 3, 1, CV_64FC1 ); cvmSet( dI, 0, 0, dx ); cvmSet( dI, 1, 0, dy ); cvmSet( dI, 2, 0, ds ); return dI; } /* Computes the 3D Hessian matrix for a pixel in the DoG scale space pyramid. @param dog_pyr DoG scale space pyramid @param octv pixel's octave in dog_pyr @param intvl pixel's interval in octv @param r pixel's image row @param c pixel's image col @return Returns the Hessian matrix (below) for pixel I as a CvMat* / Ixx Ixy Ixs / <BR> | Ixy Iyy Iys | <BR> / Ixs Iys Iss / */ static CvMat* hessian_3D( IplImage*** dog_pyr, int octv, int intvl, int r, int c ) { CvMat* H; double v, dxx, dyy, dss, dxy, dxs, dys; v = pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c ); dxx = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c+1 ) + pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r, c-1 ) - 2 * v ); dyy = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r+1, c ) + pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r-1, c ) - 2 * v ); dss = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r, c ) + pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r, c ) - 2 * v ); dxy = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r+1, c+1 ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r+1, c-1 ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r-1, c+1 ) + pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl], r-1, c-1 ) ) / 4.0; dxs = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r, c+1 ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r, c-1 ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r, c+1 ) + pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r, c-1 ) ) / 4.0; dys = ( pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r+1, c ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl+1], r-1, c ) - pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r+1, c ) + pixval32f( dog_pyr[octv][intvl-1], r-1, c ) ) / 4.0; H = cvCreateMat( 3, 3, CV_64FC1 ); cvmSet( H, 0, 0, dxx ); cvmSet( H, 0, 1, dxy ); cvmSet( H, 0, 2, dxs ); cvmSet( H, 1, 0, dxy ); cvmSet( H, 1, 1, dyy ); cvmSet( H, 1, 2, dys ); cvmSet( H, 2, 0, dxs ); cvmSet( H, 2, 1, dys ); cvmSet( H, 2, 2, dss ); return H; }