实例：4个树种不同季节的细根生物量

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.family'] = 'SimHei'
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
#准备X轴和Y轴的数据
x = np.arange(3)
y1 = np.array([2.04,1.57,1.63])
y2 = np.array([1.69,1.61,1.64])
y3 = np.array([4.65,4.99,4.94])
y4 = np.array([3.39,2.33,4.10])
#指定测量偏差
error1 = [0.16,0.08,0.10]
error2 = [0.27,0.14,0.14]
error3 = [0.34,0.32,0.29]
error4 = [0.23,0.23,0.39]
bar_width = 0.2
#绘制柱形图
plt.bar(x,y1,bar_width)
plt.bar(x+bar_width,y2,bar_width,align="center",tick_label=["春季","夏季","秋季"])
plt.bar(x+2*bar_width,y3,bar_width)
plt.bar(x+3*bar_width,y4,bar_width)
#绘制误差棒：横杆大小为3，线条宽度为3，线条颜色为黑色，数据点标记为像素点
plt.errorbar(x,y1,yerr=error1,capsize=3,elinewidth=2,fmt='k,')
plt.errorbar(x+bar_width,y2,yerr=error2,capsize=3,elinewidth=2,fmt='k,')
plt.errorbar(x+2*bar_width,y3,yerr=error3,capsize=3,elinewidth=2,fmt='k,')
plt.errorbar(x+3*bar_width,y4,yerr=error4,capsize=3,elinewidth=2,fmt='k,')
plt.show()