YOLOv5、YOLOv7和YOLOv8,,yolov9,yolov10,11的一些关键改进，及改进方法

YOLOv5、YOLOv7和YOLOv8的一些关键改进，及改进方法

yolov11, yolov5，yolov7，yolov8，yolov9,yolov10改进方法

改进方法

YOLO（You Only Look Once）是一种流行的目标检测框架，多年来经历了许多改进和迭代。从YOLOv1到YOLOv8，每个版本都引入了各种增强功能来提高准确性、速度和效率。以下是针对YOLOv5、YOLOv7和YOLOv8的一些关键改进，并附有代码示例。

YOLOv5的主要改进

1. 主干网络

• CSPNet（跨阶段局部网络）：这种主干网络通过结合不同阶段的特征来改进特征提取。

  class CSPBlock(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, n=1, shortcut=True):
          super(CSPBlock, self).__init__()
          c_ = int(out_channels / 2)
          self.cv1 = Conv(in_channels, c_, 1, 1)
          self.cv2 = Conv(in_channels, c_, 1, 1)
          self.cv3 = Conv(2 * c_, out_channels, 1, 1)
          self.m = nn.Sequential(*[Bottleneck(c_, c_, shortcut) for _ in range(n)])
  
      def forward(self, x):
          y1 = self.cv1(x)
          y2 = self.cv2(x)
          y2 = self.m(y2)
          return self.cv3(torch.cat((y1, y2), dim=1))
  

2. SPP（空间金字塔池化）

• 添加多尺度上下文信息。

  class SPP(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, k=(5, 9, 13)):
          super(SPP, self).__init__()
          c_ = in_channels // 2
          self.cv1 = Conv(in_channels, c_, 1, 1)
          self.cv2 = Conv(c_ * len(k), out_channels, 1, 1)
          self.m = nn.ModuleList([nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=x, stride=1, padding=x // 2) for x in k])
  
      def forward(self, x):
          x = self.cv1(x)
          return self.cv2(torch.cat([x] + [m(x) for m in self.m], 1))
  

3. Focus层

• 使用Focus层增强特征提取。

  class Focus(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, k=1):
          super(Focus, self).__init__()
          self.conv = Conv(in_channels * 4, out_channels, k, 1)
  
      def forward(self, x):
          return self.conv(torch.cat([x[..., ::2, ::2], x[..., 1::2, ::2], x[..., ::2, 1::2], x[..., 1::2, 1::2]], 1))
  

YOLOv7的主要改进

1. E-Blocks（增强块）

• 增强特征提取和融合。

  class EBlock(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels):
          super(EBlock, self).__init__()
          self.conv1 = Conv(in_channels, out_channels, 1, 1)
          self.conv2 = Conv(out_channels, out_channels, 3, 1)
          self.conv3 = Conv(out_channels, out_channels, 1, 1)
          self.conv4 = Conv(out_channels, out_channels, 3, 1)
          self.conv5 = Conv(out_channels, out_channels, 1, 1)
  
      def forward(self, x):
          x = self.conv1(x)
          x = self.conv2(x)
          x = self.conv3(x)
          x = self.conv4(x)
          x = self.conv5(x)
          return x
  

2. FocusV2层

• 改进的Focus层。

  class FocusV2(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, k=1):
          super(FocusV2, self).__init__()
          self.conv = Conv(in_channels * 4, out_channels, k, 1)
  
      def forward(self, x):
          return self.conv(torch.cat([x[..., ::2, ::2], x[..., 1::2, ::2], x[..., ::2, 1::2], x[..., 1::2, 1::2]], 1))
  

YOLOv8的主要改进

1. Transformer Blocks

• 引入transformer块以更好地进行特征提取。

  class TransformerBlock(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, num_heads=8):
          super(TransformerBlock, self).__init__()
          self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(in_channels)
          self.attn = nn.MultiheadAttention(in_channels, num_heads)
          self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(in_channels)
          self.ffn = nn.Sequential(
              nn.Linear(in_channels, in_channels * 4),
              nn.GELU(),
              nn.Linear(in_channels * 4, in_channels)
          )
  
      def forward(self, x):
          x = x + self.attn(self.norm1(x))[0]
          x = x + self.ffn(self.norm2(x))
          return x
  

2. 高效的注意力机制

• 使用高效的注意力机制。

  class EfficientAttention(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels):
          super(EfficientAttention, self).__init__()
          self.qkv = nn.Linear(in_channels, in_channels * 3)
          self.proj_out = nn.Linear(in_channels, out_channels)
  
      def forward(self, x):
          qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(x.shape[0], 3, x.shape[1], -1).permute(1, 2, 0, 3)
          q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]
          attn = torch.softmax(torch.matmul(q, k.transpose(-2, -1)) / math.sqrt(q.shape[-1]), dim=-1)
          out = torch.matmul(attn, v).permute(1, 0, 2).reshape(x.shape)
          return self.proj_out(out)
  

其他重要改进

1. 损失函数优化

• 改进的损失函数以获得更好的收敛性。

  class YOLOv8Loss(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self):
          super(YOLOv8Loss, self).__init__()
          self.bce_with_logits = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss(reduction='none')
  
      def forward(self, pred, target):
          obj_loss = self.bce_with_logits(pred[:, :, 0], target[:, :, 0])
          cls_loss = self.bce_with_logits(pred[:, :, 1:], target[:, :, 1:])
          return obj_loss.mean() + cls_loss.mean()
  

2. 语义特征融合

• 融合来自不同尺度的语义特征。

  class SemanticFusion(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels):
          super(SemanticFusion, self).__init__()
          self.up = nn.Upsample(scale_factor=2, mode='nearest')
          self.conv = Conv(in_channels * 2, out_channels, 1, 1)
  
      def forward(self, x1, x2):
          x1 = self.up(x1)
          x = torch.cat([x1, x2], dim=1)
          return self.conv(x)
  

当然，以下是针对YOLO系列模型的十个额外改进方法，并附上代码示例：

1. SE-Block（Squeeze-and-Excitation Block）

• SE-Block用于增强通道间的特征交互。

  class SELayer(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, channel, reduction=16):
          super(SELayer, self).__init__()
          self.avg_pool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1)
          self.fc = nn.Sequential(
              nn.Linear(channel, channel // reduction, bias=False),
              nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
              nn.Linear(channel // reduction, channel, bias=False),
              nn.Sigmoid()
          )
  
      def forward(self, x):
          b, c, _, _ = x.size()
          y = self.avg_pool(x).view(b, c)
          y = self.fc(y).view(b, c, 1, 1)
          return x * y.expand_as(x)
  

2. CBAM（Convolutional Block Attention Module）

• CBAM结合了空间和通道注意力机制。

  class CBAM(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, reduction=16):
          super(CBAM, self).__init__()
          self.channel_attention = SELayer(in_channels, reduction)
          self.spatial_attention = nn.Sequential(
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, 1, kernel_size=7, padding=3),
              nn.Sigmoid()
          )
  
      def forward(self, x):
          out = self.channel_attention(x) * x
          out = self.spatial_attention(out) * out
          return out
  

3. ASPP（Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling）

• ASPP用于多尺度特征提取。

  class ASPP(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, rates=[6, 12, 18]):
          super(ASPP, self).__init__()
          self.branches = nn.ModuleList([
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, 1, padding=0, dilation=1, bias=True),
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, 3, 1, padding=rates[0], dilation=rates[0], bias=True),
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, 3, 1, padding=rates[1], dilation=rates[1], bias=True),
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, 3, 1, padding=rates[2], dilation=rates[2], bias=True),
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, 1, padding=0, dilation=1, bias=True)
          ])
  
      def forward(self, x):
          features = [branch(x) for branch in self.branches]
          return torch.cat(features, dim=1)
  

4. Ghost Module

• Ghost模块用于减少参数量并保持性能。

  class GhostModule(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, ratio=2):
          super(GhostModule, self).__init__()
          init_channels = out_channels // ratio
          new_channels = out_channels - init_channels
  
          self.primary_conv = nn.Sequential(
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, init_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=kernel_size // 2, bias=False),
              nn.BatchNorm2d(init_channels),
              nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
          )
  
          self.cheap_operation = nn.Sequential(
              nn.Conv2d(init_channels, new_channels, kernel_size=1, stride=1, bias=False),
              nn.BatchNorm2d(new_channels),
              nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
          )
  
      def forward(self, x):
          x1 = self.primary_conv(x)
          x2 = self.cheap_operation(x1)
          out = torch.cat([x1, x2], dim=1)
          return out
  

5. ResNeXt Block

• ResNeXt块引入了分组卷积以提高性能。

  class ResNeXtBlock(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, groups=32):
          super(ResNeXtBlock, self).__init__()
          self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
          self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)
          self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1, groups=groups, bias=False)
          self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)
          self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels * 2, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
          self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels * 2)
          self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
  
      def forward(self, x):
          residual = x
          out = self.conv1(x)
          out = self.bn1(out)
          out = self.relu(out)
          out = self.conv2(out)
          out = self.bn2(out)
          out = self.relu(out)
          out = self.conv3(out)
          out = self.bn3(out)
          out += residual
          out = self.relu(out)
          return out
  

6. Attention Mechanism with MLP

• 使用MLP的注意力机制。

  class MLPAffinity(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels, hidden_dim=128):
          super(MLPAffinity, self).__init__()
          self.mlp = nn.Sequential(
              nn.Linear(in_channels, hidden_dim),
              nn.ReLU(),
              nn.Linear(hidden_dim, in_channels)
          )
  
      def forward(self, x):
          B, C, H, W = x.shape
          x = x.view(B, C, -1)
          affinity = self.mlp(x)
          attention = F.softmax(affinity, dim=-1)
          return attention
  

7. Feature Pyramid Network (FPN)

• FPN用于融合不同尺度的特征。

  class FPN(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels_list, out_channels):
          super(FPN, self).__init__()
          self.lateral_convs = nn.ModuleList([
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
              for in_channels in in_channels_list
          ])
          self.fpn_convs = nn.ModuleList([
              nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1, bias=False)
              for _ in range(len(in_channels_list))
          ])
  
      def forward(self, inputs):
          laterals = [
              lateral_conv(inputs[i])
              for i, lateral_conv in enumerate(self.lateral_convs)
          ]
          used_backbone_levels = len(laterals)
          for i in range(used_backbone_levels - 1, 0, -1):
              laterals[i - 1] += F.interpolate(laterals[i], scale_factor=2, mode='nearest')
  
          outs = [
              self.fpn_convs[i](laterals[i])
              for i in range(used_backbone_levels)
          ]
          return tuple(outs)
  

8. BiFPN (Bi-directional Feature Pyramid Network)

• BiFPN在FPN的基础上增加了双向连接。

  class BiFPN(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self, in_channels_list, out_channels):
          super(BiFPN, self).__init__()
          self.lateral_convs = nn.ModuleList([
              nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
              for in_channels in in_channels_list
          ])
          self.fpn_convs = nn.ModuleList([
              nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1, bias=False)
              for _ in range(len(in_channels_list))
          ])
  
      def forward(self, inputs):
          laterals = [
              lateral_conv(inputs[i])
              for i, lateral_conv in enumerate(self.lateral_convs)
          ]
          used_backbone_levels = len(laterals)
          for i in range(used_backbone_levels - 1, 0, -1):
              laterals[i - 1] += F.interpolate(laterals[i], scale_factor=2, mode='nearest')
          for i in range(1, used_backbone_levels):
              laterals[i] += F.interpolate(laterals[i - 1], scale_factor=2, mode='nearest')
  
          outs = [
              self.fpn_convs[i](laterals[i])
              for i in range(used_backbone_levels)
          ]
          return tuple(outs)
  

9. IoU Loss

• 改进的损失函数，使用IoU损失。

  class IOULoss(nn.Module):
      def __init__(self):
          super(IOULoss, self).__init__()
  
      def forward(self, pred, target):
          pred_boxes = pred[:, :, :4]
          target_boxes = target[:, :, :4]
  
          # 计算IoU
          intersection = self.intersection(pred_boxes, target_boxes)
          union = self.union(pred_boxes, target_boxes)
          iou = intersection / union
  
          loss = 1 - iou
          return loss.mean()
  
      def intersection(self, box1, box2):
          tl = torch.max(box1[:, :2
  
  

总结

以上是YOLOv5、YOLOv7和YOLOv8中的一些关键改进。每个版本都引入了新的架构、层和技术以提升性能。提供的代码片段展示了这些改进，但还有更多的优化和变体可以探索。希望这些内容能帮助你理解和实现基于最新YOLO版本的目标检测系统。