-
简介
本课是在第七课的基础上实现将立方体变透明的效果,其中用到了OpenGL中的混合(Blend)
在OpenGL中如何实现混合以及混合实现的原理和过程在NeHe教程中已经解释的很清楚了,在这里就不在赘述,本课主要探讨在OSG中实现混合的效果,混合同样是作为一种StateSet的方式来进行处理的,OSG中的混合主要涉及到一下几个类BlendFunc、BlendEquation和BlendColor,对应于OpenGL中的glBlendFunc 、glBlendEquation和glBlendColor三个函数,对混合的参数进行一些设置。本课中我们参考NeHe教程中设置混合的计算方式定义如下的BlendFunc
- osg::BlendFunc *blendFunc = new osg::BlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE, 0.5, 0.5);
- quadGeometry->getOrCreateStateSet()->setAttribute(blendFunc,
- osg::StateAttribute::ON);
需要注意的是我们需要将初始的清除背景的颜色的alpha值设置为0.5
- camera->setClearColor( osg::Vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5) );
在按下键盘上B键的时候开启和关闭混合模式
- if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_B)
- {
- static int i = 0;
- if (i % 2 == 0) {
- root->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_BLEND, osg::StateAttribute::ON);
- } else {
- root->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_BLEND, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);
- }
- ++i;
- }
其他的代码与第七课相同,编译运行程序后点击B键时可以看到透明的效果。
附:本课源码(源码中可能存在错误和不足,仅供参考)
- #include "../osgNeHe.h"
- #include <QtCore/QTimer>
- #include <QtGui/QApplication>
- #include <QtGui/QVBoxLayout>
- #include <osgViewer/Viewer>
- #include <osgDB/ReadFile>
- #include <osgQt/GraphicsWindowQt>
- #include <osg/MatrixTransform>
- #include <osg/NodeVisitor>
- #include <osg/Texture2D>
- #include <osgGA/GUIEventAdapter>
- #include <osg/Light>
- #include <osg/LightModel>
- #include <osg/LightSource>
- #include <osg/BlendFunc>
- float textureVertices[][2] = {
- //Front Face
- {0.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 1.0f},
- // Back Face
- {1.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 0.0f},
- // Top Face
- {0.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 1.0f},
- // Bottom Face
- {1.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 0.0f},
- // Right face
- {1.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 0.0f},
- // Left Face
- {0.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 0.0f},
- {1.0f, 1.0f},
- {0.0f, 1.0f}
- };
- float QuadVertices[][3] = {
- {-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
- { 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
- { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
- {-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
- {-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f},
- {-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f},
- { 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f},
- { 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f},
- {-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f},
- {-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
- { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
- { 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f},
- {-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f},
- { 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f},
- { 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
- {-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
- { 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f},
- { 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f},
- { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
- { 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
- {-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f},
- {-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
- {-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
- {-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f}
- };
- float normalVertics[][3] = {
- // Front Face
- { 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
- // Back Face
- { 0.0f, 0.0f,-1.0f},
- // Top Face
- { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f},
- // Bottom Face
- { 0.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f},
- // Right face
- { 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},
- // Left Face
- {-1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}
- };
- //
- //FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor用来遍历寻找与指定名称相同的节点
- class FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor : public osg::NodeVisitor
- {
- public:
- FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor(const std::string& name):
- osg::NodeVisitor(osg::NodeVisitor::TRAVERSE_ALL_CHILDREN),
- _name(name), _foundNode(NULL) {}
- virtual void apply(osg::Node& node)
- {
- if (node.getName()==_name)
- {
- _foundNode = &node;
- return;
- }
- traverse(node);
- }
- std::string _name;
- osg::Node *_foundNode;
- };
- //
- //RotateCallback
- class RotateCallback : public osg::NodeCallback
- {
- public:
- RotateCallback(osg::Vec3d rotateAxis, double rotateSpeed) :
- osg::NodeCallback(),
- _rotateAxis(rotateAxis),
- _rotateSpeed(rotateSpeed),
- _rotateAngle(0.0)
- {
- //Nop
- }
- void setRotateSpeed(double speed)
- {
- _rotateSpeed = speed;
- }
- double getRotateSpeed() const
- {
- return _rotateSpeed;
- }
- virtual void operator()(osg::Node* node, osg::NodeVisitor* nv)
- {
- osg::MatrixTransform *currentMT = dynamic_cast<osg::MatrixTransform*>(node);
- if (currentMT)
- {
- //获取当前的平移位置
- osg::Vec3d currentTranslate = currentMT->getMatrix().getTrans();
- osg::Matrix newMatrix = osg::Matrix::rotate(_rotateAngle, _rotateAxis) * osg::Matrix::translate(currentTranslate);
- currentMT->setMatrix(newMatrix);
- _rotateAngle += _rotateSpeed;
- }
- traverse(node, nv);
- }
- private:
- osg::Vec3d _rotateAxis; //旋转轴
- double _rotateSpeed; //旋转速度
- double _rotateAngle; //当前旋转的角度
- };
- //
- class ManipulatorSceneHandler : public osgGA::GUIEventHandler
- {
- public:
- ManipulatorSceneHandler()
- {
- }
- virtual bool handle(const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& aa)
- {
- osgViewer::Viewer *viewer = dynamic_cast<osgViewer::Viewer*>(&aa);
- if (!viewer)
- return false;
- if (!viewer->getSceneData())
- return false;
- if (ea.getHandled())
- return false;
- osg::Group *root = viewer->getSceneData()->asGroup();
- switch(ea.getEventType())
- {
- case(osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEYDOWN):
- {
- if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Left)
- {
- FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor fnv("yRotMT");
- root->accept(fnv);
- osg::Node *mtNode = fnv._foundNode;
- osg::MatrixTransform *yRotMT = dynamic_cast<osg::MatrixTransform*>(mtNode);
- if (!yRotMT)
- return false;
- RotateCallback *rotCallback = dynamic_cast<RotateCallback*>(yRotMT->getUpdateCallback());
- if (!rotCallback)
- return false;
- double speed = rotCallback->getRotateSpeed();
- speed += 0.02;
- rotCallback->setRotateSpeed(speed);
- }
- if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Right)
- {
- FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor fnv("yRotMT");
- root->accept(fnv);
- osg::Node *mtNode = fnv._foundNode;
- osg::MatrixTransform *yRotMT = dynamic_cast<osg::MatrixTransform*>(mtNode);
- if (!yRotMT)
- return false;
- RotateCallback *rotCallback = dynamic_cast<RotateCallback*>(yRotMT->getUpdateCallback());
- if (!rotCallback)
- return false;
- double speed = rotCallback->getRotateSpeed();
- speed -= 0.02;
- rotCallback->setRotateSpeed(speed);
- }
- if (ea.getKey() == osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Up)
- {
- FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor fnv("xRotMT");
- root->accept(fnv);
- osg::Node *mtNode = fnv._foundNode;
- osg::MatrixTransform *xRotMT = dynamic_cast<osg::MatrixTransform*>(mtNode);
- if (!xRotMT)
- return false;
- RotateCallback *rotCallback = dynamic_cast<RotateCallback*>(xRotMT->getUpdateCallback());
- if (!rotCallback)
- return false;
- double speed = rotCallback->getRotateSpeed();
- speed += 0.02;
- rotCallback->setRotateSpeed(speed);
- }
- if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Down)
- {
- FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor fnv("xRotMT");
- root->accept(fnv);
- osg::Node *mtNode = fnv._foundNode;
- osg::MatrixTransform *xRotMT = dynamic_cast<osg::MatrixTransform*>(mtNode);
- if (!xRotMT)
- return false;
- RotateCallback *rotCallback = dynamic_cast<RotateCallback*>(xRotMT->getUpdateCallback());
- if (!rotCallback)
- return false;
- double speed = rotCallback->getRotateSpeed();
- speed -= 0.02;
- rotCallback->setRotateSpeed(speed);
- }
- if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Page_Up)
- {
- FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor fnv("zoomMT");
- root->accept(fnv);
- osg::Node *mtNode = fnv._foundNode;
- osg::MatrixTransform *zoomMT = dynamic_cast<osg::MatrixTransform*>(mtNode);
- if (!zoomMT)
- return false;
- osg::Vec3 trans = zoomMT->getMatrix().getTrans();
- trans.set(trans.x(), trans.y(), trans.z() + 0.2);
- zoomMT->setMatrix(osg::Matrix::translate(trans));
- }
- if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_Page_Down)
- {
- FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor fnv("zoomMT");
- root->accept(fnv);
- osg::Node *mtNode = fnv._foundNode;
- osg::MatrixTransform *zoomMT = dynamic_cast<osg::MatrixTransform*>(mtNode);
- if (!zoomMT)
- return false;
- osg::Vec3 trans = zoomMT->getMatrix().getTrans();
- trans.set(trans.x(), trans.y(), trans.z() - 0.2);
- zoomMT->setMatrix(osg::Matrix::translate(trans));
- }
- if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_L)
- {
- static int i = 0;
- if (i % 2 == 0) {
- root->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_LIGHTING, osg::StateAttribute::ON);
- } else {
- root->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_LIGHTING, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);
- }
- ++i;
- }
- if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_B)
- {
- static int i = 0;
- if (i % 2 == 0) {
- root->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_BLEND, osg::StateAttribute::ON);
- } else {
- root->getOrCreateStateSet()->setMode(GL_BLEND, osg::StateAttribute::OFF);
- }
- ++i;
- }
- if (ea.getKey()== osgGA::GUIEventAdapter::KEY_F)
- {
- FindFirstNamedNodeVisitor fnv("quadGeode");
- root->accept(fnv);
- osg::Node *mtNode = fnv._foundNode;
- osg::Geode *quadGeode = dynamic_cast<osg::Geode*>(mtNode);
- if (!quadGeode)
- return false;
- osg::Texture2D *texture2D = dynamic_cast<osg::Texture2D*>(quadGeode->getOrCreateStateSet()->getTextureAttribute(0, osg::StateAttribute::TEXTURE));
- static int i = 0;
- if (i % 3 == 0) {
- texture2D->setFilter(osg::Texture::MIN_FILTER, osg::Texture::LINEAR);
- texture2D->setFilter(osg::Texture::MAG_FILTER, osg::Texture::LINEAR);
- } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
- texture2D->setFilter(osg::Texture::MIN_FILTER, osg::Texture::LINEAR);
- texture2D->setFilter(osg::Texture::MAG_FILTER, osg::Texture::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST);
- } else {
- texture2D->setFilter(osg::Texture::MIN_FILTER, osg::Texture::NEAREST);
- texture2D->setFilter(osg::Texture::MAG_FILTER, osg::Texture::NEAREST);
- }
- ++i;
- }
- }
- default: break;
- }
- return false;
- }
- };
- //
- class ViewerWidget : public QWidget, public osgViewer::Viewer
- {
- public:
- ViewerWidget(osg::Node *scene = NULL)
- {
- QWidget* renderWidget = getRenderWidget( createGraphicsWindow(0,0,100,100), scene);
- QVBoxLayout* layout = new QVBoxLayout;
- layout->addWidget(renderWidget);
- layout->setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 1);
- setLayout( layout );
- connect( &_timer, SIGNAL(timeout()), this, SLOT(update()) );
- _timer.start( 10 );
- }
- QWidget* getRenderWidget( osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt* gw, osg::Node* scene )
- {
- osg::Camera* camera = this->getCamera();
- camera->setGraphicsContext( gw );
- const osg::GraphicsContext::Traits* traits = gw->getTraits();
- camera->setClearColor( osg::Vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5) );
- camera->setViewport( new osg::Viewport(0, 0, traits->width, traits->height) );
- camera->setProjectionMatrixAsPerspective(45.0f, static_cast<double>(traits->width)/static_cast<double>(traits->height), 0.1f, 100.0f );
- camera->setViewMatrixAsLookAt(osg::Vec3d(0, 0, 1), osg::Vec3d(0, 0, 0), osg::Vec3d(0, 1, 0));
- osg::StateSet* globalStateset = camera->getStateSet();
- if (globalStateset)
- {
- osg::LightModel* lightModel = new osg::LightModel;
- lightModel->setAmbientIntensity(osg::Vec4(0,0,0,0));
- globalStateset->setAttributeAndModes(lightModel, osg::StateAttribute::ON);
- }
- this->setSceneData( scene );
- this->addEventHandler(new ManipulatorSceneHandler());
- return gw->getGLWidget();
- }
- osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt* createGraphicsWindow( int x, int y, int w, int h, const std::string& name="", bool windowDecoration=false )
- {
- osg::DisplaySettings* ds = osg::DisplaySettings::instance().get();
- osg::ref_ptr<osg::GraphicsContext::Traits> traits = new osg::GraphicsContext::Traits;
- traits->windowName = name;
- traits->windowDecoration = windowDecoration;
- traits->x = x;
- traits->y = y;
- traits->width = w;
- traits->height = h;
- traits->doubleBuffer = true;
- traits->alpha = ds->getMinimumNumAlphaBits();
- traits->stencil = ds->getMinimumNumStencilBits();
- traits->sampleBuffers = ds->getMultiSamples();
- traits->samples = ds->getNumMultiSamples();
- return new osgQt::GraphicsWindowQt(traits.get());
- }
- virtual void paintEvent( QPaintEvent* event )
- {
- frame();
- }
- protected:
- QTimer _timer;
- };
- osg::Node* buildScene()
- {
- osg::Group *root = new osg::Group;
- osg::Light* light = new osg::Light();
- light->setLightNum(0);
- light->setAmbient(osg::Vec4(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f));
- light->setDiffuse(osg::Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
- light->setPosition(osg::Vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f));
- osg::LightSource* lightsource = new osg::LightSource();
- lightsource->setLight (light);
- root->addChild (lightsource);
- osg::MatrixTransform *quadMT = new osg::MatrixTransform;
- quadMT->setName("zoomMT");
- quadMT->setMatrix(osg::Matrix::translate(0.0, 0.0, -5.0));
- osg::MatrixTransform *quadXRotMT = new osg::MatrixTransform;
- quadXRotMT->setName("xRotMT");
- RotateCallback *xRotCallback = new RotateCallback(osg::X_AXIS, 0.0);
- quadXRotMT->setUpdateCallback(xRotCallback);
- osg::MatrixTransform *quadYRotMT = new osg::MatrixTransform;
- quadYRotMT->setName("yRotMT");
- RotateCallback *yRotCallback = new RotateCallback(osg::Y_AXIS, 0.0);
- quadYRotMT->setUpdateCallback(yRotCallback);
- osg::Geometry *quadGeometry = new osg::Geometry;
- osg::Vec3Array *quadVertexArray = new osg::Vec3Array;
- for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(QuadVertices); ++i)
- {
- quadVertexArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(QuadVertices[i][0], QuadVertices[i][1], QuadVertices[i][2]));
- }
- quadGeometry->setVertexArray(quadVertexArray);
- osg::Vec4Array *colorArray = new osg::Vec4Array;
- colorArray->push_back(osg::Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.5));
- quadGeometry->setColorArray(colorArray, osg::Array::BIND_OVERALL);
- osg::BlendFunc *blendFunc = new osg::BlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE, 0.5, 0.5);
- quadGeometry->getOrCreateStateSet()->setRenderingHint(
- osg::StateSet::TRANSPARENT_BIN );
- quadGeometry->getOrCreateStateSet()->setAttribute(blendFunc,
- osg::StateAttribute::ON);
- osg::Vec2Array* texcoords = new osg::Vec2Array;
- for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(textureVertices); ++i)
- {
- texcoords->push_back(osg::Vec2(textureVertices[i][0], textureVertices[i][1]));
- }
- quadGeometry->setTexCoordArray(0,texcoords);
- osg::Vec3Array *quadNormalArray = new osg::Vec3Array;
- for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(normalVertics); ++i)
- {
- quadNormalArray->push_back(osg::Vec3(normalVertics[i][0], normalVertics[i][1], normalVertics[i][2]));
- }
- quadGeometry->setNormalArray(quadNormalArray, osg::Array::BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET);
- int first = 0;
- for (unsigned i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
- {
- osg::DrawArrays *vertexIndices = new osg::DrawArrays(osg::PrimitiveSet::QUADS, first, 4);
- first += 4;
- quadGeometry->addPrimitiveSet(vertexIndices);
- }
- osg::Image *textureImage = osgDB::readImageFile("Data/Glass.bmp");
- osg::Texture2D *texture2D = new osg::Texture2D;
- texture2D->setImage(textureImage);
- texture2D->setFilter(osg::Texture::MIN_FILTER, osg::Texture::NEAREST);
- texture2D->setFilter(osg::Texture::MAG_FILTER, osg::Texture::NEAREST);
- osg::Geode *quadGeode = new osg::Geode;
- quadGeode->setName("quadGeode");
- quadGeode->getOrCreateStateSet()->setTextureAttributeAndModes(0, texture2D);
- quadGeode->addDrawable(quadGeometry);
- quadYRotMT->addChild(quadGeode);
- quadXRotMT->addChild(quadYRotMT);
- quadMT->addChild(quadXRotMT);
- root->addChild(quadMT);
- return root;
- }
- int main( int argc, char** argv )
- {
- QApplication app(argc, argv);
- ViewerWidget* viewWidget = new ViewerWidget(buildScene());
- viewWidget->setGeometry( 100, 100, 640, 480 );
- viewWidget->show();
- return app.exec();
- }