【RMAN】RMAN初探

本篇主要对RMAN进行一个粗略的演示，通过本篇的介绍，希望大家可以对RMAN有个初步的了解和认识。

一 RMAN环境

RMAN是一个Oracle数据库客户端，它执行备份和恢复任务，并实现备份策略的自动化管理，它极大简化了备份、还原和恢复数据库文件。

RMAN环境主要包含以下：

• target database：目标数据库，即RMAN使用target关键字连接的数据库，也是RMAN在其上执行备份和恢复操作的数据库，RMAN在该数据库的控制文件中维护备份和恢复操作的元数据信息，RMAN元数据也成为RMAN信息库（RMAN repository）；
• RMAN client：执行RMAN命令的客户端软件，位于$ORACLE_HOME/bin下面；
• fast recovery area：快速恢复区，在该位置存储和管理与备份和恢复相关的文件，通过初始化参数db_recovery_file_dest和db_recovery_file_dest_size设置；
• media manager：介质管理器；
• recovery catalog：恢复目录，一个单独的数据库schema，用来记录target database的RMAN活动，可以实现元数据的集中管理，相比于控制文件，它可以永久的保存元数据信息。

二 启用RMAN连接数据库

--方法一
[oracle@strong ~]$ rman

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Thu Apr 19 15:39:23 2018

Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
--连接target或auxiliary需要sysdba权限，as sysdba隐式指定，不能显式指定
RMAN> connect target /

connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1500705231)
--方法二
[oracle@strong ~]$ rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Thu Apr 19 15:41:44 2018

Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1500705231)

RMAN> 

三 RMAN默认配置

RMAN> show all;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name ORCL are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f'; # default

四 备份数据库

1 数据库处于归档模式

当数据库处于归档模式，可以在其打开的情况下进行备份，此时的备份是非一致性备份，因为需要使用redo将数据库恢复到一致性状态。

--查看数据库归档模式
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode	       Archive Mode
Automatic archival	       Enabled
Archive destination	       USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence     19
Next log sequence to archive   21
Current log sequence	       21
--备份数据库及归档日志
RMAN> backup database plus archivelog;

Starting backup at 19-APR-18
current log archived
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=45 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=13 RECID=1 STAMP=973649838
input archived log thread=1 sequence=14 RECID=2 STAMP=973703816
input archived log thread=1 sequence=15 RECID=3 STAMP=973721553
input archived log thread=1 sequence=16 RECID=4 STAMP=973778469
input archived log thread=1 sequence=17 RECID=5 STAMP=973814457
input archived log thread=1 sequence=18 RECID=6 STAMP=973855617
input archived log thread=1 sequence=19 RECID=7 STAMP=973855618
input archived log thread=1 sequence=20 RECID=8 STAMP=973855662
input archived log thread=1 sequence=21 RECID=9 STAMP=973871345
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 19-APR-18
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 19-APR-18
piece handle=+FRA/orcl/backupset/2018_04_19/annnf0_tag20180419t154907_0.261.973871349 tag=TAG20180419T154907 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:56
Finished backup at 19-APR-18

Starting backup at 19-APR-18
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/system.256.972924187
input datafile file number=00002 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/sysaux.257.972924189
input datafile file number=00005 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/example.265.972924601
input datafile file number=00003 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/undotbs1.258.972924189
input datafile file number=00004 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.972924191
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 19-APR-18
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 19-APR-18
piece handle=+FRA/orcl/backupset/2018_04_19/nnndf0_tag20180419t155005_0.262.973871407 tag=TAG20180419T155005 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:02:06
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
including current SPFILE in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 19-APR-18
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 19-APR-18
piece handle=+FRA/orcl/backupset/2018_04_19/ncsnf0_tag20180419t155005_0.263.973871535 tag=TAG20180419T155005 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
Finished backup at 19-APR-18

Starting backup at 19-APR-18
current log archived
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=22 RECID=10 STAMP=973871541
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 19-APR-18
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 19-APR-18
piece handle=+FRA/orcl/backupset/2018_04_19/annnf0_tag20180419t155221_0.265.973871541 tag=TAG20180419T155221 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 19-APR-18

2 数据库处于非归档模式

当数据库处于非归档模式时，此时的备份是一致性备份。非归档模式的备份，数据库必须在一致性关闭后处于mounted状态才可以执行，还原备份时不需要执行恢复操作。

--查看数据库归档模式
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode	       No Archive Mode
Automatic archival	       Disabled
Archive destination	       USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence     21
Current log sequence	       23
--执行备份
RMAN> shutdown immediate   --关闭数据库

database closed
database dismounted
Oracle instance shut down

RMAN> startup mount   --启动数据库至mount状态

connected to target database (not started)
Oracle instance started
database mounted

Total System Global Area     521936896 bytes

Fixed Size                     2254824 bytes
Variable Size                364906520 bytes
Database Buffers             150994944 bytes
Redo Buffers                   3780608 bytes

RMAN> backup database;  --备份数据库

3 典型的备份选项

3.1 Format选项

1）选项格式

用于指定备份片和备份拷贝的位置和名称，必须使用替代变量产生唯一的文件名称。