python 函数二

向函数传递列表

将列表传递给函数后，函数就能直接访问其内容，这种列表包含的可能是名字，数字或更复杂的对象（如字典）

def greeting_students(names):
    for name in names:
        print("Welcome to our university " + name.title() + "!")

student_names = ["mengxian", "mengyun", "xinzhu"]
greeting_students(student_names)

# 输出结果为：
Welcome to our university Mengxian!
Welcome to our university Mengyun!
Welcome to our university Xinzhu!

在函数中修改列表

将列表传递给函数后，函数就可对其进行修改，在函数中对这个列表所做的任何修改都是永久性的

def task_models(unfinished_tasks, finished_tasks):
    while unfinished_tasks:
        current_task = unfinished_tasks.pop()
        print("The current task that you are going to finish is: " + current_task)
        finished_tasks.append(current_task)


def finished_task_models(finished_tasks):
    print("\nThe following tasks have been finished: ")
    for finished_task in finished_tasks:
        print(finished_task)


unfinished_tasks = ["reading", "exercise", "cooking", "learning_python"]
finished_tasks = []

task_models(unfinished_tasks, finished_tasks)

finished_task_models(finished_tasks)

# 输出结果为：
he current task that you are going to finish is: learning_python
The current task that you are going to finish is: cooking
The current task that you are going to finish is: exercise
The current task that you are going to finish is: reading

The following tasks have been finished: 
learning_python
cooking
exercise
reading

向函数传递列表副本

向函数传递列表时，为了不影响原来的列表，可以只向列表传递列表的副本而不是原件，这样函数所做的任何修改都只影响副本，而不会影响原件

切片表示法 [:] 创建列表的副本。如在上面的例子中，如果不想清空unfinished_tasks的列表，可像下面这样调用函数task_models(unfinished_tasks[:], finished_tasks)

传递任意数量的实参

"""形参名*students中的星号，让python创建一个名为students的空元组，并将收到的任何值都封装到这个元组中，不管调用语句时提供了多少实参，这个形参都将它统统收入"""
def registered_students(*students):
    print("Here is the list of the registered students: ")
    for student in students:
        print(student)

"""调用函数时，只提供一个实参"""
registered_students("lee")

"""调用函数时，提供了3个实参"""
registered_students("lee", "yi", "zhao")

//输出结果为：
Here is the list of the registered students: 
lee

Here is the list of the registered students: 
lee
yi
zhao

结合使用位置实参和任意数量的实参

如果要让函数接受不同类型的实参，必须在函数定义中将接纳任意数量实参的形参放在最后。python先匹配位置实参和关键字实参，再将余下的实参都收集到最后一个形参中。

"""定义了一个函数course，基于以下函数的定义，python将收到的第一个值存储在形参number中，并将其他的所有值都存储在元组students中"""
def course(number, *students):
    print("There are " + str(number) + " students have registered this course, here is the list: ")
    for student in students:
        print(student)


course(1, "lee")
course(3, "lee", "yi", "zhao")

//输出结果为：

There are 1 students have registered this course, here is the list: 
lee

There are 3 students have registered this course, here is the list: 
lee
yi
zhao

使用任何数量的键-值对实参

有时候，可将函数编写成能够接受任意数量的键-值对，调用语句提供了多少就接受多少

"""定义了一个函数build_profile,基于函数的定义要求提供姓，名，同时允许用户根据需要提供任意数量的名称-值对。形参**student-info 中的两个星号让python创建一个名为student_info的空字典，并将收到的所有名称-值对都封装到这个字典中"""
def build_profile(first, last, **student_info):
    profile = dict()
    profile["first_name"] = first
    profile["last_name"] = last
    for key, value in student_info.items():
        profile[key] = value
    return profile


student_profile = build_profile('xin', 'li', major='ecology', year=2019, province='sichuang')

print(student_profile)

//输出结果为：
{'first_name': 'xin', 'last_name': 'li', 'major': 'ecology', 'year': 2019, 'province': 'sichuang'}