Handler机制

概述

一个Thread里有一个Looper，一个Looper里有一个MessageQueue，这个MessageQueue里维护一个消息队列有存取消息的功能，而Handle是用来发消息和处理消息的

在一个线程中开启一个死循环Loop，然后Loop不停地从MessageQueue中取得消息，把取得的消息交给Handler去处理，当然Handler首先要往消息队里发消息

Looper

1.初始化一个消息队列
2.将looper对象和当前线程一一对应，线程安全，通过ThreadLocal
3.开启循环,运行消息队列，不断里从消息队列里取得消息

1.looper.prepare()

1.初始化一个消息队列
2.将looper对象和当前线程一一对应，线程安全

```
    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        //通过ThreadLoacal，将当前线程和该loop绑定子一起（为了线程安全，确保一个线程内只有一个looper）

        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

    //这里的构造方法是一个私有的Looper，外界要通过Looper.myLooper()得到looper的实例，而myLooper()方法，得到的是一个与所在线程绑定的一个Looper
        private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
    //在looper内部建立一个消息队列
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

     public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

-------------------------

    public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null)
                return (T)e.value;
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }

-------------------------

    public void set(T value) {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        //ThreadLocalMap 类似于一个HashMap
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
        //以自己(ThreadLoca属于一个Thread，所以ThreadLocal代表了Thread)为key，传入的looper为value，绑定线程与looper的关系
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
    }

looper.loop()

1.开启循环,运行消息队列，不断里从消息队列里取得消息

    /**
     * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
     * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
     */
    public static void loop() {
    //这一步本质是sThreadLocal.get()，如果没有进行prepare，（prepare本质是 sThreadLocal.set(looper);），这里取到的Looper 是null
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
        //确保在loop开启死循环时，进行了prepare操作
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        //得到looper里的消息队列
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        //开启了死循环
        for (;;) {
            //从消息队列里去消息
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                //没消息，消息队列终止
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            try {
            //msg.target指的就是发送给msg的那个handler，下面就是调用了handler.dispatchMessage方法
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }
            //消息回收，因为Message维护一个消息池，用完的消息要回收，以便复用
            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

Handler

1. 处理消息
2. 发送消息

1. 处理消息handler.dispatchMessage(msg)

    /**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
    //你handler.post（runnable），相当于把这个runnable赋值给了msg.callBack
        if (msg.callback != null) {
        //此时msg.callBack不是null，执行下面方法，导致 ★handleMessage(msg)方法不执行
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
            //mCallback是Handler的成员变量，是一个接口，你可以给这个接口赋值（new Handler(callback)），并重写handleMessage执行其内部方法，并设置返回值true，表示不执行★handleMessage(msg)方法；返回false，表示继续执行★handleMessage(msg)方法
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);//★这个就是我们一般在new handler重写的handleMessage方法，我们自己去定义怎样去处理消息。但是这个方法不是一定会执行
        }
    }

2. 发送消息

post(Runnable), 
 postAtTime(Runnable, long), 
 postDelayed(Runnable, long),

  sendEmptyMessage(int), 
  sendMessage(Message), 
  sendMessageAtTime(Message, long), 
  and sendMessageDelayed(Message, long) 

基本分为两类post->runnable和send->message(发送延迟和定点消息就不说了，可用于实现定时任务和u循环任务)

post(Runnable r)

//★★★如果你的Handler在主线程，那么post(Runnable r)中的runnable的run方法也在主线程中，不会开启子线程的
public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
    //本质是发送了一个message，只不过通关过getPostMessage(r),把r复制给了msg.callback,注意此方法的副作用，导致在dispatchMessage时，★handleMessage(msg)不执行
    //或者说sendMessage是发送不含runnable的msg，而post是发送带有runnable的msg
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }

    private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }

sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)

  public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }

 public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        //发送消息，本质上就是将消息把消息排序到消息队列中
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

 private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

MessageQueue

用来存放线程放入的消息。

enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when)把消息按照时间顺序压入队列中，消息可以插队哦

    boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

next()取消息

  Message next() {
        // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
        // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
        // which is not supported.
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }

        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }

                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }

                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

handler—thread—looper—-messageQueue四个之间如何产生的对应关系

handler在初始化时拿到了他所处线程的mLooper 线程与looper之前通过threadLocal建立关系），而这个mLooper 里有MessageQueue，这样handler—thread—looper—-messageQueue四个之间产生了关系

  public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
    if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
        final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
        if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
            Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                klass.getCanonicalName());
        }
    }
    //looper拿到了
    mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
    if (mLooper == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
    }
    mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
    mCallback = callback;
    mAsynchronous = async;
}