OpenCV的otsu自适应阈值分割的算法在肤色检测中的应用

otsu算法选择使类间方差最大的灰度值为阈值，具有很好的效果
算法具体描述见otsu论文，或冈萨雷斯著名的数字图像处理那本书
这里给出程序流程：
1、计算直方图并归一化histogram
2、计算图像灰度均值avgValue.
3、计算直方图的零阶w[i]和一级矩u[i]
4、计算并找到最大的类间方差（between-class variance）
variance[i]=(avgValue*w[i]-u[i])*(avgValue*w[i]-u[i])/(w[i]*(1-w[i]))
对应此最大方差的灰度值即为要找的阈值
5、用找到的阈值二值化图像

我在代码中做了一些优化，所以算法描述的某些地方跟程序并不一致

otsu代码，先找阈值，继而二值化

// implementation of otsu algorithm 
// author: onezeros(@yahoo.cn) 
// reference: Rafael C. Gonzalez. Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB 
void cvThresholdOtsu(IplImage* src, IplImage* dst) 
{ 
    int height=src->height; 
    int width=src->width;    
    //histogram 
    float histogram[256]={0}; 
    for(int i=0;i<height;i++) { 
        unsigned char* p=(unsigned char*)src->imageData+src->widthStep*i; 
        for(int j=0;j<width;j++) { 
            histogram[*p++]++; 
        } 
    } 
    //normalize histogram 
    int size=height*width; 
    for(int i=0;i<256;i++) { 
        histogram[i]=histogram[i]/size; 
    } 
    //average pixel value 
    float avgValue=0; 
    for(int i=0;i<256;i++) { 
        avgValue+=i*histogram[i]; 
    } 

    int threshold;    
    float maxVariance=0; 
    float w=0,u=0; 
    for(int i=0;i<256;i++) { 
        w+=histogram[i]; 
        u+=i*histogram[i]; 

        float t=avgValue*w-u; 
        float variance=t*t/(w*(1-w)); 
        if(variance>maxVariance) { 
            maxVariance=variance; 
            threshold=i; 
        } 
    } 

    cvThreshold(src,dst,threshold,255,CV_THRESH_BINARY); 
}

更多情况下我们并不需要对每一帧都是用otsu寻找阈值，于是可以先找到阈值，然后用找到的阈值处理后面的图像。下面这个函数重载了上面的，返回值就是阈值。只做了一点改变

// implementation of otsu algorithm 
// author: onezeros(@yahoo.cn) 
// reference: Rafael C. Gonzalez. Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB 
int cvThresholdOtsu(IplImage* src) 
{ 
    int height=src->height; 
    int width=src->width;    

    //histogram 
    float histogram[256]={0}; 
    for(int i=0;i<height;i++) { 
        unsigned char* p=(unsigned char*)src->imageData+src->widthStep*i; 
        for(int j=0;j<width;j++) { 
            histogram[*p++]++; 
        } 
    } 
    //normalize histogram 
    int size=height*width; 
    for(int i=0;i<256;i++) { 
        histogram[i]=histogram[i]/size; 
    } 

    //average pixel value 
    float avgValue=0; 
    for(int i=0;i<256;i++) { 
        avgValue+=i*histogram[i]; 
    } 

    int threshold;    
    float maxVariance=0; 
    float w=0,u=0; 
    for(int i=0;i<256;i++) { 
        w+=histogram[i]; 
        u+=i*histogram[i]; 

        float t=avgValue*w-u; 
        float variance=t*t/(w*(1-w)); 
        if(variance>maxVariance) { 
            maxVariance=variance; 
            threshold=i; 
        }


    } 

    return threshold; 
}

我在手的自动检测中使用这个方法，效果很好。下面是使用上述两个函数的简单的主程序，可以试运行一下，如果处理视频，要保证第一帧时，手要在图像中。

#include <cv.h> 
#include <cxcore.h> 
#include <highgui.h> 
#pragma comment(lib,"cv210d.lib") 
#pragma comment(lib,"cxcore210d.lib") 
#pragma comment(lib,"highgui210d.lib") 

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 

int main(int argc, char** argv) 
{    
#ifdef VIDEO //video process 
    CvCapture* capture=cvCreateCameraCapture(-1); 
    if (!capture){ 
        cout<<"failed to open camera"<<endl; 
        exit(0); 
    } 

    int threshold=-1; 
    IplImage* img;    
    while (img=cvQueryFrame(capture)){ 
        cvShowImage("video",img); 
        cvCvtColor(img,img,CV_RGB2YCrCb); 

        IplImage* imgCb=cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(img),8,1); 
        cvSplit(img,NULL,NULL,imgCb,NULL); 
        if (threshold<0){ 
            threshold=cvThresholdOtsu(imgCb); 
        } 
        //cvThresholdOtsu(imgCb,imgCb); 
        cvThreshold(imgCb,imgCb,threshold,255,CV_THRESH_BINARY); 
        cvErode(imgCb,imgCb); 
        cvDilate(imgCb,imgCb); 
        cvShowImage("object",imgCb); 
        cvReleaseImage(&imgCb); 

        if (cvWaitKey(3)==27){//esc 
            break; 
        } 
    }    

    cvReleaseCapture(&capture); 
#else //single image process 
    const char* filename=(argc>=2?argv[1]:"cr.jpg"); 
    IplImage* img=cvLoadImage(filename,CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE); 

    cvThresholdOtsu(img,img); 
    cvShowImage( "src", img ); 
    char buf[256]; 
    sprintf_s(buf,256,"%s.otsu.jpg",filename); 
    cvSaveImage(buf,img); 

    cvErode(img,img); 
    cvDilate(img,img); 
    cvShowImage( "dst", img ); 
    sprintf_s(buf,256,"%s.otsu.processed.jpg",filename); 
    cvSaveImage(buf,img); 

    cvWaitKey(0); 
#endif 
    return 0; 
}