抽象代数入门（一）

一、群论

幺半群(monoid)

之前看老师讲的叫Abelian monoid（阿贝尔幺半群），但是搜不到。

A monoid is a set closed under an associative binary operation and has an identity element  such that .

Binary operation(二元运算): f(x, y) an operation between two quantities or expressions x and y.

An binary operation on a nonempty set  is a map of .such that:

1. , "abelian commutative";
2. , "abelian associative";
3. , e is the "identity element".同上面的 .

常用的二元运算有：addition , substraction , multiplication , division .

不同于群（group），幺半群中的元素不一定有逆。

 

 

群(group)

也叫Abelian group.在 monoid 的基础上多了一个条件:

Every element has an inverse: , where e is the identity element.

例子：

Every vector space  is Abelian group. 

. 这里 0 是单位元素(identity element).

二、环论（ring)

A ring in the mathmatical sense is a set  together with two binary operations (分表加法和乘法). 满足以下条件：

1. 加法结合性(additive assocativity): for all a, b, c in S, s.t. (a+b)+c = a + (b+c);
2. 加法交换性(additive commutativity): for all a, b in S, s.t. a + b = b + a;
3. 加法单位元(additive identity): there exists an element e in S, s.t. a + e = e + a = a, 这个 e 也可以写成 0, 加法的单位元是0;
4. 分配性(left and right distributivity): for all a, b, c in S, s.t. a * (b+c) = a*b + a*c,以及 (a + b) *c = a*c + b*c;
5. 加法可逆(additive inverse): for every a in S, there exists -a in S, s.t. a + (-a) = e, e 同上， e = 0.
6. 乘法结合性(multiplicative associativity)：。满足该性质的环也叫 associative ring.
7. 乘法交换性(mulitplicative commutativity): . (a ring satisfying this property is termed a commutative ring).
8. 乘法单位元(multiplicative identity): There exists an element .(a ring satisfying this property is termed a unit ring, or a ring with identity).
9. 乘法可逆(multiplicative inverse): . Where 1 is the identity element.

定义一个环至少要满足前五个条件，但一般会加上第六个条件变成associative ring. 没有满足第六个条件的叫nonassociative ring.

满足所有条件的就称为域(field).不满足 7 乘法交换的环叫做 division algebra(可除代数)也叫 skew field(非交换域).