关键字与标志符
关键字就是被C语言本身占用的那些字符串,比如:int,typedef。我们在定义变量或函数的名字时时要避开它们。
标志符就是我们定义的变量和函数的名字。
什么是结构
提出一个问题:写一个函数,计算两个数相除,要求同时返回商和余数,怎么写?
我们知道函数的返回值只能有一个,同时返回两个数这跟本不可能。但用结构就变为可能了!代码如下:
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">struct</span> Result{ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> shang; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> yu; }; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">struct</span> Result div(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> a,<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> b){ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">struct</span> Result ret; ret.shang = a/b; ret.yu = a%b; } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">struct</span> Result r = div(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">33432</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">44</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>
首先定义了结构Result,又定义了函数div,最后调用了函数。
注意以结构做为类型时,必须在结构名前带有关键字struct 。想不带也可以,那就需要用typedef为struct Result取个别名,这个名字可以仍然是Result,但这样就可以省掉关键字struct了(如果你的源文件是.cpp而不是.c,不用typedef 也可以省掉关键字struct)。如:
<code class="hljs d has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">struct</span> Result{ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> shang; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> yu; }Result; Result div(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> a,<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> b){ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">struct</span> Result ret; ret.shang = a/b; ret.yu = a%b; } Result r = div(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">33432</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">44</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>
可以看到结构出现的目的很简单:把一坨相关的变量,弄到一起,作为一个整体使用。
结构其实是一种自定义类型,就像系统已有的类型int ,long 等一样。
访问结构中的变量的方式是用“.”。结构中的变量叫成员变量。
结构也可以作为函数的参数。
输出参数
两数相除同时返回商和余数的函数还有另一种写法。这种写法使用“输出参数”。前面讲的例子中,参数都是传入函数中的,让我们觉得参数就是向函数内传值的(这叫输入参数),但其实参数也可以让外部从函数内接收值。这就相当于返回的作用了。看一下新函数的写法:
<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> div(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> a,<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> b,<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*yu</span>){ <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*yu</span> = a<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%b</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> a/b; } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> yu; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> shang = div(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">33432</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">44</span>,&yu);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>
注意div函数的第三个形参叫yu,而调用div函数时,第三个实参传入的变量也是yu,注意这两个yu不是一个东西。函数的形参只在函数内部起作用,所以外部变量与函数形参同名没问题 。
函数div返回的是商,而余数是通过形参yu返回的。
来源:
http://blog.csdn.net/niu_gao/article/details/51336407