计算机图形学 实验4 《颜色和光照》

计算机图形学 实验4 《颜色和光照》

一、实验目的

学习图形颜色和物体材质的设置、学习光源的设置。

二、实验内容

1、光源设置；
2、材质设置；
3、法向量设置。

三、实验方法

光源设置方面，主要是设置光源的位置、种类（环境光、漫反射光）、模式，主要通过glLightfv、glLightModelfv等函数实现；材质方面，主要是设置对环境光、漫反射光、镜面反射光的反射程度、镜面系数、自身发光等，主要是通过glMaterialfv函数实现。

四、实验步骤

1、绘制12个不同的球体；
2、设置光照相关参数并且开启光照；
3、对12个不同的球体设置材质；
4、运行程序检测效果。

五、实验结果与实验结论

一次性将12个球体的形态进行展示

关键代码：

void init(void) 
{
   GLfloat ambient[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 };//环境光
   GLfloat diffuse[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };//漫反射光
   GLfloat position[] = { 0.0, 3.0, 2.0, 0.0 };//位置
   GLfloat lmodel_ambient[] = { 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0 };
   GLfloat local_view[] = { 0.0 };

   glClearColor(0.0, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0);
   glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
   glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);

   glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, ambient);
   glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse);
   glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, position);
   glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, lmodel_ambient);
   glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_LOCAL_VIEWER, local_view);

   glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
   glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
}

void display(void) 
{
   GLfloat no_mat[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 };
   GLfloat mat_ambient[] = { 0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0 };
   GLfloat mat_ambient_color[] = { 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1.0 };
   GLfloat mat_diffuse[] = { 0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0 };
   GLfloat mat_specular[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
   GLfloat no_shininess[] = { 0.0 };
   GLfloat low_shininess[] = { 5.0 };
   GLfloat high_shininess[] = { 100.0 };
   GLfloat mat_emission[] = {0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.0};

   glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (-3.75, 3.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (-1.25, 3.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, low_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (1.25, 3.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, high_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (3.75, 3.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, mat_emission);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (-3.75, 0.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (-1.25, 0.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, low_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (1.25, 0.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, high_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (3.75, 0.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, mat_emission);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (-3.75, -3.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient_color);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (-1.25, -3.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient_color);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, low_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (1.25, -3.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient_color);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, high_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glPushMatrix();
   glTranslatef (3.75, -3.0, 0.0);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient_color);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
   glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, mat_emission);
   glutSolidSphere(1.0, 16, 16);
   glPopMatrix();

   glFlush();
}

void reshape(int w, int h) 
{
   glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
   glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
   glLoadIdentity();
   if (w <= (h * 2))
      glOrtho (-6.0, 6.0, -3.0*((GLfloat)h*2)/(GLfloat)w, 3.0*((GLfloat)h*2)/(GLfloat)w, -10.0, 10.0);
   else
      glOrtho (-6.0*(GLfloat)w/((GLfloat)h*2), 6.0*(GLfloat)w/((GLfloat)h*2), -3.0, 3.0, -10.0, 10.0);
   glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
   glLoadIdentity();
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc, argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
    glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
    glutInitWindowSize(400, 400);
    glutCreateWindow("exp4");
    init();
    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
    glutMainLoop();
    return 0;
}

六、实验小结

使用glViewport划分视口来实现多个球一起展示有很多不便，因此采用的是绘制一个球之后进行平移处理；如果每次绘制都将立即数直接填入函数中设置这个球的材质的话，代码将会十分冗余，因此不论是光照特性还是材质特性，都事先将数值存入数组，在实际绘制中一般都是使用数组，不仅容易维护和修改，也更加符合规范。