task01

手敲一编代码后，有很多收获，但还没开来得及总结，随后会把总结补上，喜欢的可以点赞哈，稳重如有不对之处，欢迎斧正，谢谢

NAN = NaN = nan

import numpy as np
print(np.nan == np.nan)
print(np.nan != np.nan)

False
True

x = np.array([1, 1, 8, np.nan, 10])
print(x)

[ 1.  1.  8. nan 10.]

y = np.isnan(x)
print(y)

[False False False  True False]

#numpy.count_nonzero是用于统计数组中非零元素的个数
z = np.count_nonzero(y)
print(z)

1

print(np.pi)

3.141592653589793

print(np.e)

2.718281828459045

class dtype(object):
    def __init__(self, obj, align = False, copy = False):
        pass

a = np.dtype('b1')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.bool_'>
1

a = np.dtype('i1')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.int8'>
1

a = np.dtype('i2')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.int16'>
2

a = np.dtype('i4')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.int32'>
4

a = np.dtype('i8')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.int64'>
8

a = np.dtype('u1')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.uint8'>
1

a = np.dtype('u2')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.uint16'>
2

a = np.dtype('u4')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.uint32'>
4

a = np.dtype('u8')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.uint64'>
8

a = np.dtype('f2')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.float16'>
2

a = np.dtype('f4')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.float32'>
4

a = np.dtype('f8')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.float64'>
8

a = np.dtype('S')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.bytes_'>
0

a = np.dtype('S3')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.bytes_'>
3

a = np.dtype('U3')
print(a.type)
print(a.itemsize)

<class 'numpy.str_'>
12

class iinfo(object):
    def __init__(self, int_type):
        pass
    def min(self):
        pass
    def max(self):
        pass

ii16 = np.iinfo(np.int16)
print(ii16.min)
print(ii16.max)

-32768
32767

ii32 = np.iinfo(np.int32)
print(ii32.min)
print(ii32.max)

-2147483648
2147483647

class finfo(object):
    def _init(self, dtype):
        pass

ff16 = np.finfo(np.float16)
print(ff16.bits)
print(ff16.min)
print(ff16.max)
print(ff16.eps)

16
-65500.0
65500.0
0.000977

ff32 = np.finfo(np.float32)
print(ff32.bits)
print(ff32.min)
print(ff32.max)
print(ff32.eps)

32
-3.4028235e+38
3.4028235e+38
1.1920929e-07

a = np.datetime64('2020-03-01')
print(a, a.dtype)

2020-03-01 datetime64[D]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03')
print(a, a.dtype)

2020-03 datetime64[M]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03-01 20:00:02')
print(a, a.dtype)

2020-03-01T20:00:02 datetime64[s]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03-02 20')
print(a, a.dtype)

2020-03-02T20 datetime64[h]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03', 'D')
print(a, a.dtype)

2020-03-01 datetime64[D]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03', 'Y')
print(a, a.dtype)

2020 datetime64[Y]

print(np.datetime64('2020-03') == np.datetime64('2020-03-01'))

True

print(np.datetime64('2020-03') == np.datetime64('2020-03-02'))

False

• 由上例可以看出，2019-03 和 2019-03-01 所表示的其实是同一个时间

#从字符串创建 datetime64 数组时，如果单位不统一，则一律转化成其中最小的单位。
a = np.array(['2020-03', '2020-03-05', '2020-03-08 20:00'], dtype = 'datetime64')
print(a, a.dtype)

['2020-03-01T00:00' '2020-03-05T00:00' '2020-03-08T20:00'] datetime64[m]

• 使用arange()创建 datetime64 数组

import numpy as np

a = np.arange('2020-08-01', '2020-08-10', dtype=np.datetime64)
print(a)
#可以看出是一个日期范围

['2020-08-01' '2020-08-02' '2020-08-03' '2020-08-04' '2020-08-05'
 '2020-08-06' '2020-08-07' '2020-08-08' '2020-08-09']

print(a.dtype)

datetime64[D]

a = np.arange('2020-08-01 20:00', '2020-08-10', dtype=np.datetime64)
print(a)

['2020-08-01T20:00' '2020-08-01T20:01' '2020-08-01T20:02' ...
 '2020-08-09T23:57' '2020-08-09T23:58' '2020-08-09T23:59']

print(a.dtype)

datetime64[m]

a = np.arange('2020-05', '2020-12', dtype=np.datetime64)
print(a)

['2020-05' '2020-06' '2020-07' '2020-08' '2020-09' '2020-10' '2020-11']

print(a.dtype)

datetime64[M]

• 由以上结果可以看出，当表示日期范围时，是由第一个时间戳的最小单位来表示公差d的（等差数列）

• timedelta64 表示两个 datetime64 之间的差。timedelta64 也是带单位的

a = np.datetime64('2020-03-08') - np.datetime64('2020-03-07')
b = np.datetime64('2020-03-08') - np.datetime64('202-03-07 08:00')
c = np.datetime64('2020-03-08') - np.datetime64('2020-03-07 23:00', 'D')

print(a, a.dtype)

1 days timedelta64[D]

print(b, b.dtype)

956178240 minutes timedelta64[m]

print(c, c.dtype)

1 days timedelta64[D]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03') + np.timedelta64(20, 'D')#20表示天数
b = np.datetime64('2020-06-15 00:00') + np.timedelta64(12, 'h')
print(a, a.dtype)

2020-03-21 datetime64[D]

print(b, b.dtype)

2020-06-15T12:00 datetime64[m]

#生成 timedelta64时，要注意年（'Y'）和月（'M'）这两个单位无法和其它单位进行运算
#这与闰年和一些月有31天而一些月仅有30天有关
a = np.timedelta64(1, 'Y')
b = np.timedelta64(a, 'M')
print(a)
print(b)

1 years
12 months

c = np.timedelta64(1, 'h')
d = np.timedelta64(c, 'm')
print(c)
print(d)

1 hours
60 minutes

print(np.timedelta64(a, 'D'))

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-15-c779ad03d53f> in <module>
----> 1 print(np.timedelta64(a, 'D'))


TypeError: Cannot cast NumPy timedelta64 scalar from metadata [Y] to [D] according to the rule 'same_kind'

#关于timedelta64 的运算
a = np.timedelta64(1, 'Y')
b = np.timedelta64(6, 'M')
c = np.timedelta64(1, 'W')
d = np.timedelta64(1, 'D')
e = np.timedelta64(10, 'D')

print(a)  
print(b) 
print(a + b)  
print(a - b)  
print(2 * a)  
print(a / b)  
print(c / d) 
print(c % e)

1 years
6 months
18 months
6 months
2 years
2.0
7.0
7 days

#numpy.datetime64 与 datetime.datetime 相互转换
dt = datetime.datetime(year=2020, month=6, day=1, hour=20, minute=5, second=30)
dt64 = np.datetime64(dt, 's')#s代表秒
print(dt64, dt64.dtype)

2020-06-01T20:05:30 datetime64[s]

dt2 = dt64.astype(datetime.datetime)
print(dt2, type(dt2))

2020-06-01 20:05:30 <class 'datetime.datetime'>

import numpy as np

#
# 2020-07-10 星期五
a = np.busday_offset('2020-07-10', offsets=1)
print(a)

2020-07-13

a = np.busday_offset('2020-07-11', offsets=1)
print(a)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-20-72bcd70d2740> in <module>
----> 1 a = np.busday_offset('2020-07-11', offsets=1)
      2 print(a)


<__array_function__ internals> in busday_offset(*args, **kwargs)


ValueError: Non-business day date in busday_offset

a = np.busday_offset('2020-07-11', offsets=0, roll='forward')
b = np.busday_offset('2020-07-11', offsets=0, roll='backward')
print(a)
print(b) 

2020-07-13
2020-07-10

a = np.busday_offset('2020-07-11', offsets=1, roll='forward')
b = np.busday_offset('2020-07-11', offsets=1, roll='backward')
print(a)
print(b) 

2020-07-14
2020-07-13

#返回指定日期是否是工作日。
# 2020-07-10 星期五
a = np.is_busday('2020-07-10')
b = np.is_busday('2020-07-11')
print(a)  # True
print(b)  # False

True
False

#统计工作日天数
begindates = np.datetime64('2020-07-10')
enddates = np.datetime64('2020-07-20')
a = np.arange(begindates, enddates, dtype='datetime64')
b = np.count_nonzero(np.is_busday(a))
print(a)
print(b)

['2020-07-10' '2020-07-11' '2020-07-12' '2020-07-13' '2020-07-14'
 '2020-07-15' '2020-07-16' '2020-07-17' '2020-07-18' '2020-07-19']
6

#自定义周掩码值
a = np.is_busday('2020-07-10', weekmask=[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0])
b = np.is_busday('2020-07-10', weekmask=[1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1])
print(a)
print(b)

True
False

• 返回两个日期之间的工作日数量。

begindates = np.datetime64('2020-07-10')
enddates = np.datetime64('2020-07-20')
a = np.busday_count(begindates, enddates)
b = np.busday_count(enddates, begindates)
print(a)
print(b)

6
-6

数组的创建

• 通过array()函数进行创建。

a = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
b = np.array((0, 1, 2, 3, 4))
print(a, type(a))

print(b, type(b))

# 创建二维数组
c = np.array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
              [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],
              [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
              [26, 27, 28, 29, 30],
              [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]])
print(c, type(c))

# 创建三维数组
d = np.array([[(1.5, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)],
              [(3, 2, 1), (4, 5, 6)]])
print(d, type(d))

[0 1 2 3 4] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[0 1 2 3 4] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[[11 12 13 14 15]
 [16 17 18 19 20]
 [21 22 23 24 25]
 [26 27 28 29 30]
 [31 32 33 34 35]] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[[[1.5 2.  3. ]
  [4.  5.  6. ]]

 [[3.  2.  1. ]
  [4.  5.  6. ]]] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>

• 通过asarray()函数进行创建

x = [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]]
y = np.array(x)
z = np.asarray(x)
x[1][2] = 2
print(x,type(x))

print(y,type(y))


print(z,type(z))

[[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 1]] <class 'list'>
[[1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[[1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>

x = np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
y = np.array(x)
z = np.asarray(x)
w = np.asarray(x, dtype=np.int)
x[1][2] = 2
print(x,type(x),x.dtype)


print(y,type(y),y.dtype)


print(z,type(z),z.dtype)


print(w,type(w),w.dtype)

[[1 1 1]
 [1 1 2]
 [1 1 1]] <class 'numpy.ndarray'> int32
[[1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]] <class 'numpy.ndarray'> int32
[[1 1 1]
 [1 1 2]
 [1 1 1]] <class 'numpy.ndarray'> int32
[[1 1 1]
 [1 1 2]
 [1 1 1]] <class 'numpy.ndarray'> int32

• 更改为较大的dtype时，其大小必须是array的最后一个axis的总大小（以字节为单位）的除数

x = np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
print(x, x.dtype)

x.dtype = np.float

[[1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]] int32



---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-32-2f02f2a984df> in <module>
      2 print(x, x.dtype)
      3 
----> 4 x.dtype = np.float


ValueError: When changing to a larger dtype, its size must be a divisor of the total size in bytes of the last axis of the array.

• 通过fromfunction()函数进行创建

def f(x, y):
    return 10 * x + y

x = np.fromfunction(f, (5, 4), dtype=int)
print(x)


x = np.fromfunction(lambda i, j: i == j, (3, 3), dtype=int)
print(x)


x = np.fromfunction(lambda i, j: i + j, (3, 3), dtype=int)
print(x)

[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [10 11 12 13]
 [20 21 22 23]
 [30 31 32 33]
 [40 41 42 43]]
[[ True False False]
 [False  True False]
 [False False  True]]
[[0 1 2]
 [1 2 3]
 [2 3 4]]

依据 ones 和 zeros 填充方式

#零数组

x = np.zeros(5)
print(x)  
x = np.zeros([2, 3])
print(x)


x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
y = np.zeros_like(x)
print(y)

[0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[[0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0.]]
[[0 0 0]
 [0 0 0]]

#1数组
x = np.ones(5)
print(x) 
x = np.ones([2, 3])
print(x)


x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
y = np.ones_like(x)
print(y)

[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[[1. 1. 1.]
 [1. 1. 1.]]
[[1 1 1]
 [1 1 1]]

#空数组
x = np.empty(5)
print(x)

x = np.empty((3, 2))
print(x)


x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
y = np.empty_like(x)
print(y)

[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[[1. 1.]
 [1. 1.]
 [1. 1.]]
[[0 0 0]
 [0 0 0]]

#单位数组
x = np.eye(4)
print(x)


x = np.eye(2, 3)
print(x)


x = np.identity(4)
print(x)

[[1. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 1. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 1. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 1.]]
[[1. 0. 0.]
 [0. 1. 0.]]
[[1. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 1. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 1. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 1.]]

#对角数组
x = np.arange(9).reshape((3, 3))
print(x)

print(np.diag(x))  
print(np.diag(x, k=1))  
print(np.diag(x, k=-1))  
v = [1, 3, 5, 7]
x = np.diag(v)
print(x)

[[0 1 2]
 [3 4 5]
 [6 7 8]]
[0 4 8]
[1 5]
[3 7]
[[1 0 0 0]
 [0 3 0 0]
 [0 0 5 0]
 [0 0 0 7]]

#常数数组
x = np.full((2,), 7)
print(x)

x = np.full(2, 7)
print(x)


x = np.full((2, 7), 7)
print(x)

x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
y = np.full_like(x, 7)
print(y)

[7 7]
[7 7]
[[7 7 7 7 7 7 7]
 [7 7 7 7 7 7 7]]
[[7 7 7]
 [7 7 7]]

利用数值范围来创建ndarray

x = np.arange(5)
print(x)  

x = np.arange(3, 7, 2)
print(x) 

x = np.linspace(start=0, stop=2, num=9)
print(x)  

x = np.logspace(0, 1, 5)
print(np.around(x, 2))
x = np.linspace(start=0, stop=1, num=5)
x = [10 ** i for i in x]
print(np.around(x, 2))

x = np.random.random(5)
print(x)

x = np.random.random([2, 3])
print(x)

[0 1 2 3 4]
[3 5]
[0.   0.25 0.5  0.75 1.   1.25 1.5  1.75 2.  ]
[ 1.    1.78  3.16  5.62 10.  ]
[ 1.    1.78  3.16  5.62 10.  ]
[0.66025066 0.82810975 0.10492026 0.80965395 0.20104655]
[[0.33858738 0.446174   0.27837237]
 [0.15558581 0.77515961 0.9544448 ]]

结构数组的创建

#利用字典来定义结构
personType = np.dtype({
    'names': ['name', 'age', 'weight'],
    'formats': ['U30', 'i8', 'f8']})

a = np.array([('Liming', 24, 63.9), ('Mike', 15, 67.), ('Jan', 34, 45.8)],
             dtype=personType)
print(a, type(a))

[('Liming', 24, 63.9) ('Mike', 15, 67. ) ('Jan', 34, 45.8)] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>

#利用包含多个元组的列表来定义结构
personType = np.dtype([('name', 'U30'), ('age', 'i8'), ('weight', 'f8')])
a = np.array([('Liming', 24, 63.9), ('Mike', 15, 67.), ('Jan', 34, 45.8)],
             dtype=personType)
print(a, type(a))

print(a[0])

print(a[-2:])

print(a['name'])

print(a['age'])

print(a['weight'])

[('Liming', 24, 63.9) ('Mike', 15, 67. ) ('Jan', 34, 45.8)] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
('Liming', 24, 63.9)
[('Mike', 15, 67. ) ('Jan', 34, 45.8)]
['Liming' 'Mike' 'Jan']
[24 15 34]
[63.9 67.  45.8]

数组的属性

a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(a.shape) 
print(a.dtype) 
print(a.size)  
print(a.ndim) 
print(a.itemsize)  

b = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6.0]])
print(b.shape) 
print(b.dtype) 
print(b.size)  
print(b.ndim) 
print(b.itemsize)  

(5,)
int32
5
1
4
(2, 3)
float64
6
2
8

a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(a)  
b = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, '5'])
print(b)
c = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0])
print(c) 

[1 2 3 4 5]
['1' '2' '3' '4' '5']
[1. 2. 3. 4. 5.]