一 简介
独立主格结构:有时一个名词/代词 + 一个其他结构
,在句中作状语
,相当于一个状语从句或并列句,人们通常称这种结构为独立主格或独立结构。 比如:n/pron + being he anger, they had to left for unhappily
独立主格的结构和常用形式
- 独立主格结构可以分为两部分:
- 一部分是名词或代词,起逻辑主语的作用;
- 另一部分是非谓语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)或无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语),表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。
- 常用形式是:名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语,with引导的复合结构。
二 常用形式
1 名词/代词+ 现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
- His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
注:“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。
2 名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
- The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
3 名词/代词+不定式
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
- We shall get together at 7:30, the procession(游行) to start moving at 8 sharp.
4 名词/代词+名词
名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
- He fought the tiger,a stick his only weapon.
5 名词/代词+形容词短语
形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,原因等。
- The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
- I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of sorry.
这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上,就变成了现在分词分句。
6 名词/代词+副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
- The meeting over, we all went home.
- Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
- He sat at the table, head down.
7 名词/代词+介词短语
介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。
- The teacher came in, a book under his arm.
- The hunter entered the forest, gun in hand.
- Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
8 with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构
- A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.
- The teacher came in with several students following behind.
- With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.
- With the work done, he went out to eat.
- He left the office with the lights on.
- Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.
三 学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题
1 独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致
从以上例子我们可以看出,含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主语是不一致的,这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。
- Hearing the news, he was very excited.
- Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
在这两个句子里,第一个句子,前后的主语是一致的,都是he, 也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子;而第二个句子,我们可以发现,有两个主语,第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it,非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系,因此它是一个独立主格结构。
2 在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词还是过去分词
一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词。
- Time permitting, we will go out to play. 一句中,time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系--- “时间允许”,因此用现在分词。
如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词。
- More time given,we should have done it better. 一句中,time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思—“如果被给更多时间”,因此用过去分词。
3 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句
独立主格结构不是一个句子,而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。
独立主格在句中通常充当以下状语成分:
[1] 伴随状语(方式状语):相当于一个并列句。
- He was watching TV, his mouth half open.
[2] 时间状语:相当于一个时间状语从句。
- Meeting over, everyone tried to do something for the project.
[3] 原因状语:相当于一个原因状语从句。
- There being no bus, they had no choice but to take a taxi.
[4] 条件状语:相当于一个条件状语从句。
- Enough time given, we’ll do the job better.
注:有时可以在独立主格前面加上介词with,构成with +复合宾语结构。
- With the problem settled, the computer restarted.
- He rushed out with a knife in his hand. 此句可改写为 He rushed out ,a knife in his hand.或 He rushed out, knife in hand.
但是,“with + 复合宾语”结构也可以用作定语。
- Soon they found themselves walking in a valley with high mountains aroud it.
4 完成时态的运用
在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时态having done, 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。
eg:
- The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
- His wallet having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do next.
- She was lying in bed, light on. 她开着灯躺在床上
在这种结构中,n/pron.在逻辑上是后一部分的主语,后一部分相当于谓语或表语。这种结构在句子中只能作状语,