独立主格

独立主格结构由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
一般独立主格形式：

名词/主格代词+现在分词 (名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。)
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。

名词/主格代词+过去分词 (名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。)
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。

名词/主格代词+不定式 (名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。)
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。

名词/主格代词+形容词
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.
那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。

名词/主格代词+副词
The meeting over, they all went home.
会议一结束，他们就都回家了。

名词/主格代词+介词短语
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.
那男孩手里拿着书去教室。

with+名词/代词+不定式/分词/介词/形容词
With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door.

一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。可以放在句首、句中和句尾。

1. 名词作同位语
   Mr. Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。

2. 短语作同位语
   I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，老得照料家中的其他孩子。

3. 直接引语作同位语
   But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多利早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？”

4. 句子作同位语
   The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。