python学习之路（8）

文件操作

文件定义

普通文件的操作

打开和关闭文件

gbk:将一个汉字转换为2个字节二进制

utf-8:将一个汉字转换为3个字节二进制

返回值：返回的是 文件对象 也是python内部定义的一个类 操作这个文件对象

读和写文件

写文件：向文件中写入指定的内容

前提 打开方式为 w / a

f = open('a.txt','w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write('好好学习')
#文件不存在 直接创建文件
#文件存在，会覆盖源文件
f.close()

#要换行 得\n 否则是连着的
f = open('a.txt','w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write('好好学习\n')
f.write('天天学习\n')
f.close()

f = open('b.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')
# r方式打开文件 如果文件不存在 代码会报错
buf = f.read()
print(buf)
f.close()

with open

with open('a.txt','a',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write('good good study')
    
# a方式打开文件，文件不存在会创建文件，文件存在，在文件的末尾写入内容
# 追加

循环读：

# 默认不写 为只读 r
with open('b.txt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    buf = f.readline()
    print(buf)
    print(f.readline())

with open('b.txt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for i in f:
        print(i,end='')

print()

# read() 和readline() 读到文件末尾，返回一个空字符串
with open('b.txt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    while True:
        buf = f.readline()
        # if len(buf) == 0:
        if not buf:
            break
        else:
            print(buf,end = '')

在容器中 容器为空 即容器中的数据的个数为0 表示False 其余为True

json文件的操作

json处理起来方便

{
  "name": "小明",
  "age": 18,
  "isMen": true,
  "like": ["singsong","shopping"],
  "address": {
    "country": "中国",
    "city": "上海"
  }
}

import json

with open('info.json',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    result = json.load(f)
    print(type(result)) # <class 'dict'>
    print(result.get('name'))
    print(result.get('address').get('city'))

读文件

只能有一个对象，加数组

import json

with open('info1.json',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    list = json.load(f)
    for l in list:
        print(l.get('age'))
        print(l.get('address').get("city"))

[(),(),()] 自动化参数化需要的数据格式

import json

def read_data():
    list = []
    with open('info2.json', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        dic = json.load(f)
        for i in dic:
            k = ()
            k += (i.get("username"), i.get("password"), i.get("expect"))
            #  k = (i.get("username"), i.get("password"), i.get("expect")) 直接这样
            # list.append(k)
            list.append(k)
    return list

# [('admin', 123456, '登录成功'), ('root', 123456, '登录失败'), ('admin', 123123, '登录失败')]

import json
my_list = [('admin', 123456, '登录成功'), ('root', 123456, '登录失败'), ('admin', 123123, '登录失败')]

with open('info3.json','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    # json.dump(my_list,f,ensure_ascii=False) # 直接显示中文，不以ASCII码显示
    # 显示缩进
    json.dump(my_list, f, ensure_ascii=False,indent=2)
    

异常处理

异常类型 异常信息

try:
    num = input()
    num = int(num)
    print(num)
except:
    print('数字！！！')
    
print("yep yep") # 后续代码继续执行

try:
    num = input()
    num = int(num)
    print(num)
except ValueError: # 只能捕获ValueError类型及其子类的异常
    print('数字！！！')

print("yep yep") # 后续代码继续执行

try:
    num = input()
    num = int(num)
    print(num)
    a = 10 / num
except ValueError: # 只能捕获ValueError类型及其子类的异常
    print('数字！！！')

print("yep yep") # 后续代码继续执行

try:
    num = input()
    num = int(num)
    print(num)
    a = 10 / num
except ValueError: # 只能捕获ValueError类型及其子类的异常
    print('数字！！！')
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print('除数不能为0')
    
print("yep yep") # 后续代码继续执行

异常完整版本：

try:
    num = input()
    num = int(num)
    print(num)
    a = 10 / num
except Exception as e:
    print(f'错误信息为{e}')
else:
    print(f'没有异常会输出')
finally:
    print('不管有没有异常 都会执行')

二进制方式打开文件 不能指定编码方式

f = open('test.txt','w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write("wow,so beautiful!")
f.close()

f = open('test.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')
data = f.read()
print(data)
f.close()

with open('a.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write('张三,李四,王五')

with open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    my_list = []
    s = f.read()
    my_list = s.split(',')
    print(my_list)

import json

my_dict = {'name':'ww',"age":18,"like":["学习","游戏"]}

with open('info4.json','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    json.dump(my_dict,f,ensure_ascii=False,indent=2)

import random
with open('data.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for i in range(10):
        num = random.randint(10,20)
        f.write(str(num)+" ")

list1 = []
with open('data.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        s = f.read()
        list1 = s.split(" ")

list1.sort(reverse=True)
with open('data1.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for i in range(5):
        f.write(list1[i]+" ")

看最下面的报错提示

最外层写异常函数

raise:抛出异常 运行到此 即代码报错了