C++ primer plus chapter 9 内存模型和名称空间

单独编译

将函数原型 各种声明 以及符号常量 和内联函数放在头文件中

一个CPP文件包含main函数以调用其他函数

另外可以有多个CPP文件定义功能函数

头文件

#ifndef __COORDIN_H__
#define __COORDIN_H__


struct polar
{
	double distance;
	double angle;
};

struct rect
{
	double x;
	double y;
};

polar rect_to_polar(rect xypos);
void show_polar(polar dapos);


#endif

main.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "coordin.h"

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	rect rplace;
	polar pplace;

	cout << "Enter the x and y values: ";

	while(cin >> rplace.x >> rplace.y)
	{
		pplace = rect_to_polar(rplace);
		show_polar(pplace);
		cout << "Next two number (q to quit):";
	}


	return 0;
}

cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include "coordin.h"

using namespace std;

polar rect_to_polar(rect xypos)
{
	polar answer;

	answer.distance = sqrt(xypos.x * xypos.x + xypos.y * xypos.y);
	answer.angle = atan2(xypos.y, xypos.x);

	return answer;
}

void show_polar(polar dapos)
{
	const double Rad_to_deg = 57.29577951;

	cout << "Distance = " << dapos.distance << endl;
	cout << "Angle = " << dapos.angle * Rad_to_deg << " degree" << endl;
}

存储连续性、作用域和链接性

自动存储——局部变量 在函数开始运行时被创建 函数执行结束时被释放

静态存储——全局变量、static修饰的静态变量 在程序运行的整个过程都存在

动态存储——new运算符分配的内存 直到使用delete释放或者程序运行结束

链接性为外部的变量可以在文件之间共享 链接性为外部的变量只能在一个文件的函数中共享

自动变量无链接性所以不能共享

自动变量作用范围

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void oil(int x);

int main(void)
{
	int texas = 31;
	int year  = 2011;

	cout << "In main(), texas = " << texas << ", ";
	cout << "&texas = " << &texas << endl;
	cout << "In main(), year = " << year << ", ";
	cout << "&year = " << &year << endl;

	oil(texas);

	cout << "In main(), texas = " << texas << ", ";
	cout << "&texas = " << &texas << endl;
	cout << "In main(), year = " << year << ", ";
	cout << "&year = " << &year << endl;	

	return 0;
}

void oil(int x)
{
	int texas = 5;

	cout << "In oil(), texas = " << texas << ", ";
	cout << "&texas = " << &texas << endl;
	cout << "In oil(), x = " << x << ", ";
	cout << "&x = " << &x << endl;

	{
		int texas = 113;
		cout << "In block, texas = " << texas << ", ";
		cout << "&texas = " << &texas << endl;
		cout << "In block, x = " << x << ", ";
		cout << "&x = " << &x << endl;
	}

	cout << "Post-block, texas = " << texas << ", ";
	cout << "&texas = " << &texas << endl;
}

使用外部变量

头文件

#ifndef __SUPPORT_H__
#define __SUPPORT_H__

#include <iostream>

extern double warming;

void update(double dt);
void local(void);

#endif

main.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "support.h"

using namespace std;

double warming = 0.3;

int main(void)
{
	cout << "Global warming is " << warming << " degrees." << endl;
	update(0.1);
	cout << "Global warming is " << warming << " degrees." << endl;
	local();
	cout << "Global warming is " << warming << " degrees." << endl;

	return 0;
}

功能函数

#include "support.h"

using namespace std;

void update(double dt)
{
	warming += dt;
	cout << "Updating global warming to " << warming << " degrees." << endl;
}

void local(void)
{
	double warming = 0.8;

	cout << "Local warming = " << warming << " degrees" << endl;
	cout << "But global wamring = " << ::warming << " degrees" << endl;
}

静态持续性、内部链接性

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int tom = 3;
int dick = 30;
static int harry = 300;

void remote_access(void);

int main(void)
{
	cout << "main() reports the following addresses: " << endl;
	cout << "&tom = " << &tom << ". &dick = " << &dick << ". &harry = " << &harry << endl;

	remote_access();

	return 0;
}

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

extern int tom;
static int dick = 10;
int harry = 200;

void remote_access(void)
{
	cout << "remote_access() reports the following addresses: " << endl;
	cout << "&tom = " << &tom << ". &dick = " << &dick << ". &harry = " << &harry << endl;
}

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const int ArSize = 10;

void strcount(const char *str);

int main(void)
{
	char input[ArSize];
	char next;

	cout << "Enter a line: " << endl;
	cin.get(input, ArSize);
	while(cin)
	{
		cin.get(next);
		while(next != '\n')
			cin.get(next);
		strcount(input);
		cout << "Enter next line (empty line to quit): " << endl;
		cin.get(input, ArSize);
	}

	cout << "ByeBye" << endl;

	return 0;
}

void strcount(const char *str)
{
	static int total = 0;
	int count = 0;

	while(*str++)
		count++;
	total += count;
	cout << count << " characters" << endl;
	cout << total << " characters total" << endl;
}

 const类型的全局变量链接性为内部

 

 覆盖

#include <iostream>
#include <new>

using namespace std;

const int BUF = 512;
const int N = 5;
char buffer[BUF];

int main(void)
{
	double *pd1, *pd2;
	int i;

	cout << "Calling new and placement new: " << endl;
	pd1 = new double[N];
	pd2 = new(buffer) double[N];
	for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
		pd2[i] = pd1[i] = 1000 + 20.0 * i;
	cout << "pd1 = " << pd1 << ", buffer = " << (void *)buffer << endl;
	for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
	{
		cout << pd1[i] << " at " << &pd1[i] << "; ";
		cout << pd2[i] << " at " << &pd2[i] << endl;
	}

	cout << "\nCalling new and placement new a second time: " << endl;
	double *pd3, *pd4;
	pd3 = new double[N];
	pd4 = new(buffer) double[N];
	for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
		pd4[i] = pd3[i] = 1000 + 40.0 * i;
	for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
	{
		cout << pd3[i] << " at " << &pd3[i] << "; ";
		cout << pd4[i] << " at " << &pd4[i] << endl;
	}

	cout << "\nCalling new and placement new a third time: " << endl;
	delete[] pd1;
	pd1 = new double[N];
	pd2 = new(buffer + N*sizeof(double)) double[N];
	for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
		pd2[i] = pd1[i] = 1000 + 60.0 * i;
	for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
	{
		cout << pd1[i] << " at " << &pd1[i] << "; ";
		cout << pd2[i] << " at " << &pd2[i] << endl;
	}

	delete[] pd1;
	delete[] pd3;

	return 0;
}

delete用于释放动态内存 不能释放数组这种静态内存

名称空间

#include <string>

namespace pers
{
	struct Person
	{
		std::string fname;
		std::string lname;
	};

	void getPerson(Person &rp);
	void showPerson(const Person &rp);
}

namespace debts
{
	using namespace pers;
	struct Debt
	{
		Person name;
		double amount;
	};
	void getDebt(Debt &rd);
	void showDebt(const Debt &rd);
	double sumDebts(const Debt ar[], int n);
}

 

#include <iostream>
#include "namesp.h"

namespace pers
{
	using std::cout;
	using std::cin;

	void getPerson(Person &rp)
	{
		cout << "Enter first name: ";
		cin >> rp.fname;
		cout << "Enter last name: ";
		cin >> rp.lname;
	}
	void showPerson(const Person &rp)
	{
		cout << rp.lname << ", " << rp.fname;
	}
}

namespace debts
{
	void getDebt(Debt &rd)
	{
		getPerson(rd.name);
		std::cout << "Enter debt: ";
		std::cin >> rd.amount;
	}
	void showDebt(const Debt &rd)
	{
		showPerson(rd.name);
		std::cout << ": $" << rd.amount << std::endl;
	}
	double sumDebts(const Debt ar[], int n)
	{
		double total = 0;
		for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			total += ar[i].amount;
		return total;
	}
}

#include <iostream>
#include "namesp.h"

int main(void)
{
	using debts::Debt;
	using debts::showDebt;

	Debt golf = {{"Micheal", "Jordan"}, 120.0};
	showDebt(golf); 

	return 0;
}