C++基础——第三章 数据处理

P1

sizeof运算符返回数据类型（必须加括号）或者变量的大小，单位是字节。

例如：cout<<sizeof(int)<<endl;

#include<iostream>
#include<climits>

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    short n_short = SHRT_MAX;
    int n_int = INT_MAX;
    long n_long = LONG_MAX;
    long long n_llong = LLONG_MAX;

    cout << "short is " << sizeof(short) << " bytes." << endl;
    cout << "int is " << sizeof(int) << " bytes." << endl;
    cout << "long is " << sizeof n_long << " bytes." << endl;
    cout << "long long is " << sizeof n_llong << " bytes." << endl;

    cout << "Maximum values: " << endl;
    cout << "short is " << n_short << endl;
    cout << "int is " << n_int << endl;
    cout << "long is " << n_long << endl;
    cout << "long long " << n_llong << endl;

    return 0;
}

C++还有其他初始化方法以及大花括号初始化器的初始化方法。

P2

无符号变量与有符号变量的溢出

#include<iostream>
#include<climits>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	short sam = SHRT_MAX;
	unsigned short sue = sam;

	cout << "Sam has " << sam << " dolloars and Sue has " << sue << " dolloars deposited." << endl;

	cout << "Add $1 to each account." <<endl;
	sam += 1;
	sue += 1;
	cout << "Now,Sam has " << sam << " dolloars and Sue has " << sue << " dolloars deposited." << endl;

	sam = 0;
	sue = 0;
	sam -= 1;
	sue -= 1;
	cout << "Now,Sam has " << sam << " dolloars and Sue has " << sue << " dolloars deposited." << endl;

	return 0;
}

 int 为计算机处理效率最高的长度，如无其他要求就选择int数据类型。

不同进制的显示

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	int cheat = 42;
	int waist = 042;
	int inseam = 0x42;

	cout << "cheat = " << cheat << "(in dec)" << endl;

	cout << oct;
	cout << "waist = " << waist << "(in oct)" << endl;

	cout << hex;
	cout << "inseam = " << inseam << " (in hex)" << endl;


	return 0;
}

char类型

输入时cin将字母转化为对应的码值并存入变量中，输出时cout将变量中的码值转化为对应的字符。这个过程由变量类型引导。

#include<iostream>
#include<climits>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	char ch;

	cout << "Enter a character: " << endl;
	cin >> ch;

	cout << "Hello,thank you for the " << ch << " character" << endl;

	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
#include<climits>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	char ch = 'M';
	int i = ch;
	cout << "The ASCII code for " << ch << " is" << i << endl;

	cout << "Add noe to the character code: " << endl;
	ch += 1;
	i = ch;
	cout << "The ASCII code for " << ch << " is" << i << endl;

	cout << "Displaying char ch using cout.put(ch): "<<endl;
	cout.put(ch);
	cout.put('!');

	return 0;
}

#include<iostream>
#include<climits>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	cout << "Good morning!" << endl;
	cout << "Good morning\n";

	return 0;
}

const 限定符

创建常变量 const int Months = 12;

应在声明时常量初始化，否则常量会是一个不确定的值，且无法修改。

例如：

const int toes;
toes = 10;

浮点数

float有效位数的限制，优先选择double。

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);

	float tub = 10.0 / 3.0;
	const float million = 1.0E6;

	cout << " tub = " << tub << endl;
	cout << "A million tubs = " << million * tub << endl;
	cout << "Ten million tubs = " << 10 * million * tub << endl;

	double mint = 10.0 / 3.0;

	cout << " mint = " << mint << endl;
	cout << "A million mints = " << million * mint << endl;
	cout << "Ten million mints = " << 10 * million * mint << endl;

	return 0;
}

浮点数的运算精度会降低

典例

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	float a = 2.34E22;
	float b = a + 1;

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b - a = " << b - a << endl;

	return 0;
}

这是由于float类型只能保证六到七位数字，因此修改第23位对值没有影响。

其中32位有效位是指二进制位，而6位指的是10进制。共24位，三位表示一个数的话可以表示八个，四位表示一个数可以表示六个。十进制三位不够四位嫌多，所以有效位应该在6到8之间。

由于计算机中存储位置有限，而有些小数永远无法通过乘2得到精确值，故运算过程中精度会降低。

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	float hats, heads;

	cout.setf(ios_base::fixed,ios_base::floatfield);
	cout << "Enter a number: ";
	cin >> hats;
	cout << "Enter another number: ";
	cin >> heads;

	cout << "hats = " << hats << "; heads = " << heads << endl;
	cout << "hats + heads = " << hats + heads << endl;
	cout << "hats - heads = " << hats - heads << endl;
	cout << "hats * heads = " << hats * heads << endl;
	cout << "hats / heads = " << hats / heads << endl;

	return 0;
}

C++运算符

除法运算符的行为取决于操作数类型

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	cout.setf(ios_base::fixed,ios_base::floatfield);
	
	cout << "Integer division: 9/5 = " << 9 / 5 << endl;
	cout << "float division: 9.0/5.0 = " << 9.0 / 5.0 << endl;
	cout << "MIxed division: 9.0/5 = " << 9 / 5 << endl;
	cout << "double division: 1E7/9.0 = " << 1E7 / 9.0 << endl;
	cout << "Float constance: 1E7f/9.0f = " << 1E7f / 9.0f << endl;

	return 0;
}

对不同类型的数进行运算时，C++将其转化为同一类型，而浮点常量默认是double类型。

求模运算

#include<iostream>

int main(void)
{
	using namespace std;

	const int Lbs_per_stn = 14;
	int lbs;

	cout << "Enter your weight in pounds: ";
	cin >> lbs;
	int stone = lbs / Lbs_per_stn;
	int pounds = lbs % Lbs_per_stn;

	cout << lbs << " pounds = " << stone << " stone, " << pounds << " pounds." << endl;

	return 0;
}

类型转换

以下情况会发生类型转换

1.将一种算数类型的值赋值给另一种算数类型时。——将转换为接收变量的类型

#include<iostream>

int main(void)
{
	using namespace std;

	cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);

	float tree = 3;
	int guess(3.9832);
	int debt{ 7.2E12 };//错误，列表初始化不允许缩窄

	cout << "tree = " << tree << endl;
	cout << "guess = " << guess << endl;
	cout << "debt = " << debt << endl;

	return 0;
}

2.表达式中包含不同的数据类型是。

3.将参数传递给函数时。——取决于函数原型

强制类型转换——不改变被转换变量的值。

（typename）value 或者 typename(value)或者static_cast<typename> (value)

#include<iostream>

int main(void)
{
	using namespace std;

	int auks, bats, coots;

	auks = 19.99 + 11.99;//默认为double，计算后再转换为int类型
	bats = (int)19.99 + (int)11.99;
	coots = int(19.99) + int(11.99);

	cout << "auks = " << auks << endl;
	cout << "bats = " << bats << endl;
	cout << "coots = " << coots << endl;

	char ch = 'z';
	cout << "The code for " << ch << " is " << int(ch) << endl;
	cout << static_cast<int>(ch) << endl;

	return 0;
}