第一次学习(2019/03/09~2019/03/14):
第一章 行列式(一)
1.1 二阶与三阶行列式
1.2 全排列和对换(计算行列式的值时会使用到,全排序针对的是自然数)
1.3 n阶行列式的定义
练习题:
1、二阶行列式
∣
3
4
5
6
∣
=
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
11
,
a
22
)
∗
(
3
∗
2
)
+
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
12
,
a
21
)
∗
(
4
∗
4
)
=
1
∗
6
−
4
∗
4
=
−
10
\left| \begin{matrix} 3 & 4\\ 5 & 6 \end{matrix} \right| = (-1)^{i(a_{11},a_{22})}*(3*2)+(-1)^{i(a_{12},a_{21})}*(4*4)=1*6-4*4=-10
∣∣∣∣3546∣∣∣∣=(−1)i(a11,a22)∗(3∗2)+(−1)i(a12,a21)∗(4∗4)=1∗6−4∗4=−10
2、若三阶行列式
A
=
∣
x
1
0
1
0
1
4
3
x
∣
=
4
A=\left| \begin{matrix} x & 1 & 0\\1 & 0 & 1\\4 &3 & x \end{matrix} \right| =4
A=∣∣∣∣∣∣x1410301x∣∣∣∣∣∣=4,则x= 0
解:
A
=
x
∗
1
∗
∣
0
1
3
x
∣
+
1
∗
(
−
1
)
∗
∣
1
1
4
x
∣
=
x
∗
(
−
3
)
−
(
x
−
4
)
=
−
4
x
+
4
=
4
A=x * 1 * \left| \begin{matrix} 0 & 1\\3 & x\\ \end{matrix} \right| + 1*(-1)* \left| \begin{matrix} 1 & 1\\4 & x\\ \end{matrix} \right| = x*(-3)-(x-4)=-4x+4=4
A=x∗1∗∣∣∣∣031x∣∣∣∣+1∗(−1)∗∣∣∣∣141x∣∣∣∣=x∗(−3)−(x−4)=−4x+4=4 从而可得x=0
3、排列614523的逆序数为:
i
(
614523
)
=
5
+
0
+
2
+
2
+
0
+
0
=
9
i(614523) = 5 + 0 + 2 + 2 + 0 + 0 = 9
i(614523)=5+0+2+2+0+0=9
4、若排列
1
k
5
l
3
1k5l3
1k5l3是奇排列,则k =
解:
k
=
2
或
4
k=2或4
k=2或4,当
k
=
2
k=2
k=2时
l
=
4
,
此
时
i
=
0
+
0
+
2
+
1
+
0
=
3
l=4,此时i=0+0+2+1+0=3
l=4,此时i=0+0+2+1+0=3
当
k
=
4
时
l
=
4
,
此
时
i
=
0
+
2
+
2
+
0
+
0
=
4
k=4时l=4,此时i = 0+2+2+0+0=4
k=4时l=4,此时i=0+2+2+0+0=4。因此k=2是正确答案
5、四阶行列式
∣
13
0
45
1
8
6
2
0
3
3
0
0
3
0
0
0
∣
=
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
14
,
a
23
,
a
32
,
a
41
)
∗
(
1
∗
2
∗
3
∗
3
)
=
(
−
1
)
i
(
3
+
2
+
1
+
0
)
∗
18
=
18
\left| \begin{matrix} 13&0&45&1\\8&6&2&0\\3&3&0&0\\3&0&0&0 \end{matrix} \right| = (-1)^{i(a_{14}, a_{23},a_{32},a_{41})}*(1*2*3*3)=(-1)^{i(3+2+1+0)}*18=18
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣138330630452001000∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=(−1)i(a14,a23,a32,a41)∗(1∗2∗3∗3)=(−1)i(3+2+1+0)∗18=18
6、三阶行列式
∣
2
3
4
4
9
16
2
2
2
∣
=
∣
2
3
4
0
3
8
0
−
1
−
2
∣
=
2
∗
∣
3
8
−
1
−
2
∣
=
2
∗
(
−
6
−
(
−
8
)
)
=
4
\left| \begin{matrix} 2&3&4\\ 4&9&16\\2&2&2 \end{matrix} \right|=\left| \begin{matrix} 2&3&4\\ 0&3&8\\0&-1&-2 \end{matrix} \right|=2*\left| \begin{matrix} 3&8\\ -1&-2 \end{matrix} \right|=2*(-6-(-8))=4
∣∣∣∣∣∣2423924162∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣20033−148−2∣∣∣∣∣∣=2∗∣∣∣∣3−18−2∣∣∣∣=2∗(−6−(−8))=4
7、设三阶行列式
∣
x
a
a
a
x
a
a
a
x
∣
=
0
\left| \begin{matrix} x&a&a\\ a&x&a\\a&a&x \end{matrix} \right|=0
∣∣∣∣∣∣xaaaxaaax∣∣∣∣∣∣=0,则x的取值为:
解:当
x
=
a
x=a
x=a时,行列式中的元素全部为0,此时行列式的值为0
当
x
=
−
2
a
x=-2a
x=−2a时,行列式
∣
−
2
a
a
a
a
−
2
a
a
a
a
−
2
a
∣
=
∣
−
2
a
a
a
−
a
−
a
2
a
a
a
−
2
a
∣
\left| \begin{matrix} -2a&a&a\\ a&-2a&a\\a&a&-2a \end{matrix} \right|=\left| \begin{matrix} -2a&a&a\\ -a&-a&2a\\a&a&-2a \end{matrix} \right|
∣∣∣∣∣∣−2aaaa−2aaaa−2a∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣−2a−aaa−aaa2a−2a∣∣∣∣∣∣,其中
(
−
1
)
∗
R
(
2
)
=
R
(
3
)
(-1)*R(2)=R(3)
(−1)∗R(2)=R(3),此时行列式的值为0
从而可得x的取值为a或者-2a
8、行列式
D
=
∣
a
0
0
b
0
c
d
0
0
e
f
0
g
0
0
h
∣
=
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
11
a
22
a
33
a
44
)
∗
a
c
f
h
+
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
11
a
23
a
32
a
44
)
∗
a
d
e
h
+
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
14
a
22
a
33
a
41
)
∗
b
c
f
g
+
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
14
a
23
a
32
a
41
)
∗
b
d
e
g
=
a
c
f
h
−
a
d
e
h
−
b
c
f
g
+
b
d
e
g
D= \left | \begin{matrix} a&0&0&b\\0&c&d&0\\0&e&f&0\\g&0&0&h\end{matrix} \right|=(-1)^{i(a_{11}a_{22}a_{33}a_{44})}*acfh +(-1)^{i(a_{11}a_{23}a_{32}a_{44})}*adeh+ (-1)^{i(a_{14}a_{22}a_{33}a_{41})}*bcfg+ (-1)^{i(a_{14}a_{23}a_{32}a_{41})}*bdeg=acfh-adeh-bcfg+bdeg
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a00g0ce00df0b00h∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=(−1)i(a11a22a33a44)∗acfh+(−1)i(a11a23a32a44)∗adeh+(−1)i(a14a22a33a41)∗bcfg+(−1)i(a14a23a32a41)∗bdeg=acfh−adeh−bcfg+bdeg
9、行列式
D
=
∣
1
2
−
4
−
2
2
1
−
3
4
−
2
∣
=
R(2)+=2*R(1);R(3)+=3*R(1)
∣
1
2
−
4
0
6
−
7
0
10
−
14
∣
=
[
1
∗
(
6
∗
−
14
)
−
(
−
7
∗
10
)
]
=
−
14
D=\left|\begin{matrix} 1&2&-4\\-2&2&1\\-3&4&-2\end{matrix}\right|\overset{\text{R(2)+=2*R(1);R(3)+=3*R(1)}}=\left|\begin{matrix} 1&2&-4\\0&6&-7\\0&10&-14\end{matrix}\right|=[1*(6*-14)-(-7*10)]=-14
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣1−2−3224−41−2∣∣∣∣∣∣=R(2)+=2*R(1);R(3)+=3*R(1)∣∣∣∣∣∣1002610−4−7−14∣∣∣∣∣∣=[1∗(6∗−14)−(−7∗10)]=−14
10、方程
∣
1
1
1
2
3
x
4
9
x
2
∣
=
0
\left|\begin{matrix}1&1&1\\2&3&x\\4&9&x^2\end{matrix}\right|=0
∣∣∣∣∣∣1241391xx2∣∣∣∣∣∣=0的解为:
∣
1
1
1
2
3
x
4
9
x
2
∣
=
∣
1
1
1
0
1
x
−
2
0
5
x
2
−
4
∣
=
1
∗
[
1
∗
(
x
2
−
4
)
−
5
∗
(
x
−
2
)
]
=
(
x
+
2
)
(
x
−
2
)
−
5
(
x
−
2
)
=
(
x
−
3
)
(
x
−
2
)
=
0
\left|\begin{matrix}1&1&1\\2&3&x\\4&9&x^2\end{matrix}\right|=\left|\begin{matrix}1&1&1\\0&1&x-2\\0&5&x^2-4\end{matrix}\right|=1*[1*(x^2-4)-5*(x-2)]=(x+2)(x-2)-5(x-2)=(x-3)(x-2)=0
∣∣∣∣∣∣1241391xx2∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣1001151x−2x2−4∣∣∣∣∣∣=1∗[1∗(x2−4)−5∗(x−2)]=(x+2)(x−2)−5(x−2)=(x−3)(x−2)=0,因此
x
=
2
x=2
x=2或者
x
=
3
x=3
x=3
11、行列式
∣
3
2
−
7
2
0
−
4
5
1
2
∣
=
L(3)+=2*L(1)
∣
3
2
−
1
2
0
0
5
1
12
∣
=
(
−
1
)
∗
2
∗
(
2
∗
12
−
1
∗
−
1
)
=
50
\left|\begin{matrix}3&2&-7\\2&0&-4\\5&1&2\end{matrix}\right|\overset{\text{L(3)+=2*L(1)}}=\left|\begin{matrix}3&2&-1\\2&0&0\\5&1&12\end{matrix}\right|=(-1)*2*(2*12-1*-1)=50
∣∣∣∣∣∣325201−7−42∣∣∣∣∣∣=L(3)+=2*L(1)∣∣∣∣∣∣325201−1012∣∣∣∣∣∣=(−1)∗2∗(2∗12−1∗−1)=50
12、行列式
∣
1
0
1
−
1
2
0
3
1
1
∣
=
∣
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
−
2
∣
=
1
∗
(
−
4
−
1
)
=
−
5
\left|\begin{matrix}1&0&1\\-1&2&0\\3&1&1\end{matrix}\right|=\left|\begin{matrix}1&0&1\\0&2&1\\0&1&-2\end{matrix}\right|=1*(-4-1)=-5
∣∣∣∣∣∣1−13021101∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣10002111−2∣∣∣∣∣∣=1∗(−4−1)=−5
13、行列式
∣
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
0
∣
=
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
14
a
23
a
32
a
41
)
∗
1
∗
2
∗
3
∗
4
=
(
−
1
)
(
3
+
2
+
1
)
∗
24
=
24
\left|\begin{matrix}0&0&0&1\\0&0&2&0\\0&3&0&0\\4&0&0&0\end{matrix}\right|=(-1)^{i(a_{14}a_{23}a_{32}a_{41})}*1*2*3*4=(-1)^{(3+2+1)}*24=24
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣0004003002001000∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=(−1)i(a14a23a32a41)∗1∗2∗3∗4=(−1)(3+2+1)∗24=24
14、已知
f
(
x
)
=
∣
x
1
1
2
1
x
1
−
1
3
2
x
1
1
1
2
x
1
∣
f(x)=\left|\begin{matrix}x&1&1&2\\1&x&1&-1\\3&2&x&1\\1&1&2x&1\end{matrix}\right|
f(x)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1311x2111x2x2−111∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣,则
x
3
x^3
x3前的系数为
(
−
1
)
0
+
2
∗
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
11
a
22
a
34
a
43
)
=
1
−
2
=
−
1
(-1)^0+2*(-1)^{i(a_{11}a_{22}a_{34}a_{43})}=1-2=-1
(−1)0+2∗(−1)i(a11a22a34a43)=1−2=−1
15、行列式
f
(
x
)
=
∣
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
3
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
∣
(
−
1
)
i
(
a
13
a
24
a
31
a
42
)
∗
2
∗
4
∗
3
∗
5
=
(
−
1
)
(
2
+
2
+
0
+
0
)
∗
120
=
120
f(x)=\left|\begin{matrix}0&0&2&0\\0&0&0&4\\3&0&0&0\\0&5&0&0\end{matrix}\right|(-1)^{i(a_{13}a_{24}a_{31}a_{42})}*2*4*3*5=(-1)^{(2+2+0+0)}*120=120
f(x)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣0030000520000400∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣(−1)i(a13a24a31a42)∗2∗4∗3∗5=(−1)(2+2+0+0)∗120=120
第二次学习(2019/03/15~2019/03/14):
第一章 行列式(二)
1.4 行列式的性质
① 行列式与它转置行列式相等
② 对换行列式两行(列),行列式变号
③ 行列式的某一行(列)中的所有的元素都乘同一个数k,等于用数k乘此行列式
④ 行列式中如果有两行(列)元素成比例,则此行列式等于零
⑤ 若行列式的某一行(列)的元素都是两束之和,例如第i行的元素之后都是两数之后:
D
=
∣
a
11
a
12
.
.
.
a
1
n
⋮
⋮
⋮
a
i
1
+
a
i
1
′
a
i
2
+
a
i
2
′
.
.
.
a
i
n
+
a
i
n
′
⋮
⋮
⋮
a
n
1
a
n
2
.
.
.
a
n
n
∣
=
∣
a
11
a
12
.
.
.
a
1
n
⋮
⋮
⋮
a
i
1
a
i
2
.
.
.
a
i
n
⋮
⋮
⋮
a
n
1
a
n
2
.
.
.
a
n
n
∣
+
∣
a
11
a
12
.
.
.
a
1
n
⋮
⋮
⋮
a
i
1
′
a
i
2
′
.
.
.
a
i
n
′
⋮
⋮
⋮
a
n
1
a
n
2
.
.
.
a
n
n
∣
D=\left|\begin{matrix} a_{11}&a_{12}&...&a_{1n}\\\vdots&\vdots& &\vdots\\a_{i1}+a^{'}_{i1}&a_{i2}+a^{'}_{i2}&...&a_{in}+a^{'}_{in}\\\vdots&\vdots& &\vdots\\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&...&a_{nn}\end{matrix}\right| = \left|\begin{matrix} a_{11}&a_{12}&...&a_{1n}\\\vdots&\vdots& &\vdots\\a_{i1}&a_{i2}&...&a_{in}\\\vdots&\vdots& &\vdots\\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&...&a_{nn}\end{matrix}\right|+\left|\begin{matrix} a_{11}&a_{12}&...&a_{1n}\\\vdots&\vdots& &\vdots\\a^{'}_{i1}&a^{'}_{i2}&...&a^{'}_{in}\\\vdots&\vdots& &\vdots\\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&...&a_{nn}\end{matrix}\right|
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11⋮ai1+ai1′⋮an1a12⋮ai2+ai2′⋮an2.........a1n⋮ain+ain′⋮ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11⋮ai1⋮an1a12⋮ai2⋮an2.........a1n⋮ain⋮ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11⋮ai1′⋮an1a12⋮ai2′⋮an2.........a1n⋮ain′⋮ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
⑥ 把行列式的某一行(列)各元素乘同一数然后加到玲一行(列)对应的元素上去,行列式不变
1.5 全排列和对换(计算行列式的值时会使用到,全排序针对的是自然数)
余子式和代数余子式,分别记为
M
i
j
和
A
i
j
M_{ij}和A_{ij}
Mij和Aij,其中
A
i
j
=
(
−
1
)
i
+
j
M
i
j
A_{ij}=(-1)^{i+j}M_{ij}
Aij=(−1)i+jMij,行列式
D
=
a
i
1
A
i
1
+
a
i
2
A
i
2
+
.
.
.
+
a
i
n
A
i
n
D=a_{i1}A_{i1}+a_{i2}A_{i2}+...+a_{in}A_{in}
D=ai1Ai1+ai2Ai2+...+ainAin
或者
D
=
a
1
j
A
1
j
+
a
2
j
A
2
j
+
.
.
.
+
a
n
j
A
n
j
D=a_{1j}A_{1j}+a_{2j}A_{2j}+...+a_{nj}A_{nj}
D=a1jA1j+a2jA2j+...+anjAnj
1.6 n阶行列式的定义
1.7 范德蒙行列式
V
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
.
.
.
,
x
n
)
=
∣
1
1
1
.
.
.
1
x
1
x
2
x
3
.
.
.
x
n
x
1
2
x
2
2
x
3
2
.
.
.
x
n
2
⋮
⋮
⋮
⋮
x
1
k
−
1
x
2
k
−
1
x
3
k
−
1
.
.
.
x
n
k
−
1
∣
=
∏
1
<
=
i
<
j
<
=
k
(
x
i
−
x
j
)
V(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)=\left|\begin{matrix} 1&1&1&...&1\\x_1&x_2&x_3&...&x_n\\x^{2}_1&x^{2}_2&x^{2}_3&...&x^{2}_n\\\vdots&\vdots&\vdots& &\vdots\\x^{k-1}_1&x^{k-1}_2&x^{k-1}_3&...&x^{k-1}_n\end{matrix}\right|=\prod_{1<=i<j<=k}(x_i-x_j)
V(x1,x2,...,xn)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1x1x12⋮x1k−11x2x22⋮x2k−11x3x32⋮x3k−1............1xnxn2⋮xnk−1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∏1<=i<j<=k(xi−xj)
练习题
1、设
A
=
[
−
2
3
1
6
0
5
]
A=\left[\begin{matrix}\ -2&3&1\\6&0&5\end{matrix}\right]
A=[ −263015],
B
=
[
2
x
+
1
−
1
y
−
1
0
z
]
B=\left[\begin{matrix}\ 2&x+1&-1\\y-1&0&z\end{matrix}\right]
B=[ 2y−1x+10−1z],若
A
=
−
B
A=-B
A=−B,则:
x
=
−
4
,
y
=
−
5
,
z
=
−
5
x=-4,y=-5,z=-5
x=−4,y=−5,z=−5
解:
x
+
1
=
−
3
,
y
−
1
=
−
6
,
z
=
−
5
x+1=-3,y-1=-6,z=-5
x+1=−3,y−1=−6,z=−5
2、设行列式
D
=
∣
2
1
−
5
1
1
−
3
0
−
6
3
−
2
1
3
1
4
−
7
6
∣
D=\left| \begin{matrix}2&1&-5&1\\1&-3&0&-6\\3&-2&1&3\\1&4&-7&6 \end{matrix}\right|
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣21311−3−24−501−71−636∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣,
M
i
j
M_{ij}
Mij表示元素
a
i
j
a_{ij}
aij的余子式,则
−
2
M
32
−
M
33
−
2
M
34
=
27
-2M_{32}-M_{33}-2M_{34}=27
−2M32−M33−2M34=27
解:
−
2
M
32
−
M
33
−
2
M
34
=
0
∗
A
31
+
2
A
32
−
A
33
+
2
A
34
=
∣
2
1
−
5
1
1
−
3
0
−
6
0
2
−
1
2
1
4
−
7
6
∣
=
27
-2M_{32}-M_{33}-2M_{34}=0*A_{31}+2A_{32}-A_{33}+2A_{34} = \left|\begin{matrix}2&1&-5&1\\1&-3&0&-6\\0&2&-1&2\\1&4&-7&6\end{matrix}\right|=27
−2M32−M33−2M34=0∗A31+2A32−A33+2A34=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣21011−324−50−1−71−626∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=27
3、设5阶行列式
D
=
∣
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
x
2
+
x
3
x
3
+
x
4
x
4
+
x
2
x
2
+
x
3
0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
0
x
1
2
x
2
2
x
3
2
x
4
2
∣
D=\left|\begin{matrix}1&1&0&0&0\\1&2&0&0&0\\0&x_2+x_3&x_3+x_4&x_4+x_2&x_2+x_3\\0&x_1&x_2&x_3&x_4\\0&x^2_1&x^2_2&x^2_3&x^2_4 \end{matrix}\right|
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1100012x2+x3x1x1200x3+x4x2x2200x4+x2x3x3200x2+x3x4x42∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣,且
x
i
(
i
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
)
x_i(i=1,2,3,4)
xi(i=1,2,3,4)互不相等,则必有:
x
2
+
x
3
+
x
4
=
0
x_2+x_3+x_4=0
x2+x3+x4=0
解:
第二章 矩阵极其运算
对称阵: X = X T X=X^T X=XT