繁星数学随想录·笔记卷
摘录卷
极限的性质总结
一、数列极限的性质
01 唯一性
- lim n → ∞ x n = A , lim n → ∞ x n = B ⇒ A = B \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A, \quad \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=B \Rightarrow A=B n→∞limxn=A,n→∞limxn=B⇒A=B
02 有界性
- lim n → ∞ x n = A ⇒ ∃ M > 0 : ∣ x n ∣ < M ( ∀ n ∈ N + ) \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A \Rightarrow \exists M>0:\left|x_{n}\right|<M \quad\left(\forall n \in \mathbf{N}_{+}\right) n→∞limxn=A⇒∃M>0:∣xn∣<M(∀n∈N+)
03 保号性
- 表述01
- lim n → ∞ x n = A > 0 ⇒ ∃ N ∈ N + : ∀ n > N , x n > A 2 \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A>0 \Rightarrow \exists N \in \mathbf{N}_{+}: \forall n>N, x_{n}>\frac{A}{2} n→∞limxn=A>0⇒∃N∈N+:∀n>N,xn>2A
- 表述02(同济版)
- 若 lim n → ∞ x n = A > 0 \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A>0 n→∞limxn=A>0 ,那么 ∃ N ∈ N + , ∀ n > N , \exists N \in N^{+},\forall n > N, ∃N∈N+,∀n>N, 有 x n > 0 x_{n}>0 xn>0
- 若 lim n → ∞ x n = A < 0 \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A<0 n→∞limxn=A<0 ,那么 ∃ N ∈ N + , ∀ n > N , \exists N \in N^{+},\forall n > N, ∃N∈N+,∀n>N, 有 x n < 0 x_{n}<0 xn<0
- 表述03
- 若 lim n → ∞ x n = A > 0 \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A>0 n→∞limxn=A>0 ,那么 ∀ A ′ ∈ ( 0 , A ) , ∃ N ∈ N + , ∀ n > N , \forall A' \in (0,A) , \exists N \in N^{+},\forall n > N, ∀A′∈(0,A),∃N∈N+,∀n>N, 有 x n > A ′ x_{n}>A' xn>A′
- 若 lim n → ∞ x n = A < 0 \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A<0 n→∞limxn=A<0 ,那么 ∀ A ′ ∈ ( A , 0 ) , ∃ N ∈ N + , ∀ n > N , \forall A' \in (A,0) , \exists N \in N^{+},\forall n > N, ∀A′∈(A,0),∃N∈N+,∀n>N, 有 x n < A ′ x_{n}<A' xn<A′
- 保号性结论本身不涉及等于0的情况
- 保的既然是”号“,那么就与 0 无关了
- 考虑两个数列: − 1 n -\frac1n −n1 和 1 n \frac1n n1,两数列极限均为0,但一个恒正,一个恒负
- 保号性的推论
- 对表述02-②取逆否命题
- 若对于 { x n } , ∃ N ∈ N + : 当 n > N 时, x n ≥ 0 , 且 lim n → ∞ x n = A ⇒ A ≥ 0 \text { 若对于 }\left\{x_{n}\right\}, \quad \exists N \in \mathbf{N}_{+}: \text {当 } n>N \text { 时, } x_{n} \geq 0 \text {, 且 }\lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A \Rightarrow A \geq 0 若对于 {xn},∃N∈N+:当 n>N 时, xn≥0, 且 n→∞limxn=A⇒A≥0
- 问题 条件中
x
n
≥
0
x_{n} \geq 0
xn≥0 改为
x
>
0
x>0
x>0, 结论能否
A
>
0
A>0
A>0 ?
- 改为 x n > 0 x_{n}>0 xn>0,结论并不是 A > 0 A>0 A>0
04 保序性
- 若 lim n → ∞ x n = A \lim \limits_{n\rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A n→∞limxn=A 与 lim n → ∞ y n = B \lim \limits_{n\rightarrow \infty} y_{n}=B n→∞limyn=B,且 A > B A>B A>B ,则 ∃ N ∈ N + , ∀ n > N , \exists N \in N_{+},\forall n > N, ∃N∈N+,∀n>N, 有 x n > y n x_{n}>y_{n} xn>yn
- 极限的大小顺序保证了函数的大小顺序
- 极限大的,数列有无穷项更大
- 保序性结论本身也不涉及相等的情况
- 保的既然是”序“,那么相等就没有次序可言了
- 考虑两个数列: − 1 n -\frac1n −n1 和 1 n \frac1n n1,两数列极限均为0,但一个恒正,一个恒负
- 保序性的推论
- 当 y n = 0 y_{n}=0 yn=0 时
- 若 lim n → ∞ x n = A > 0 \lim \limits_{n\rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A>0 n→∞limxn=A>0 ,则 ∃ N ∈ N + , ∀ n > N , \exists N \in N_{+},\forall n > N, ∃N∈N+,∀n>N, 有 x n > 0 x_{n}>0 xn>0 ① ,同样地,
- 若 lim n → ∞ x n = A < 0 \lim \limits_{n\rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A<0 n→∞limxn=A<0 ,则 ∃ N ∈ N + , ∀ n > N , \exists N \in N_{+},\forall n > N, ∃N∈N+,∀n>N, 有 x n < 0 x_{n}<0 xn<0 ②
- 对②取逆否命题
- 若对于 { x n } , ∃ N ∈ N + : 当 n > N 时, x n ≥ 0 , 且 lim n → ∞ x n = A ⇒ A ≥ 0 \text { 若对于 }\left\{x_{n}\right\}, \quad \exists N \in \mathbf{N}_{+}: \text {当 } n>N \text { 时, } x_{n} \geq 0 \text {, 且 }\lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A \Rightarrow A \geq 0 若对于 {xn},∃N∈N+:当 n>N 时, xn≥0, 且 n→∞limxn=A⇒A≥0
- 此即保号性的推论,殊途同归
05 保不等式性
- x n ≥ y n , lim n → ∞ x n = A , lim n → ∞ y n = B ⇒ A ≥ B x_{n} \geq y_{n}, \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A, \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} y_{n}=B \Rightarrow A \geq B xn≥yn,n→∞limxn=A,n→∞limyn=B⇒A≥B
- 函数的不等式保证了极限的不等式
- 原来大的,极限也大
- 保不等式性结论本身允许相等的情况
- 保的既然是”不等式“,那么相等和不相等都应该包含
06 归并性
- 子列
- 数列 { x n } \left\{x_{n}\right\} {xn} 中的无穷项, 它们下标依次为 n 1 < n 2 < ⋯ < n k < ⋯ n_{1}<n_{2}<\cdots<n_{k}<\cdots n1<n2<⋯<nk<⋯ ,则称数列 x n 1 , x n 2 , ⋯ , x n k , ⋯ x_{n_{1}}, x_{n_{2}}, \cdots, x_{n_{k}}, \cdots xn1,xn2,⋯,xnk,⋯ 为 { x n } \left\{x_{n}\right\} {xn} 的子列, 记为 { x n k } \left\{x_{n_{k}}\right\} {xnk}
- lim n → ∞ x n = A ⇔ ∀ { x n k } ⊂ { x n } : lim k → ∞ x n k = A \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A \Leftrightarrow \forall\left\{x_{n_{k}}\right\} \subset\left\{x_{n}\right\}: \lim \limits_{k \rightarrow \infty} x_{n_{k}}=A n→∞limxn=A⇔∀{xnk}⊂{xn}:k→∞limxnk=A
- 命题常应用于说明极限不存在
- 例如: x n = ( − 1 ) n x_{n}=(-1)^{n} xn=(−1)n
07 合并性
- 我自己起的名字:奇偶子列极限同为A <=> 数列极限为A
- lim k → ∞ x 2 k − 1 = A \lim \limits_{k \rightarrow \infty} x_{2 k-1}=A k→∞limx2k−1=A 且 lim k → ∞ x 2 k = A ⇔ lim n → ∞ x n = A \lim \limits_{k \rightarrow \infty} x_{2 k}=A \Leftrightarrow \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_{n}=A k→∞limx2k=A⇔n→∞limxn=A
二、函数极限的性质
(1) 唯一性
- lim x → a f ( x ) = A , lim x → a f ( x ) = B , ⇒ A = B \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A, \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=B, \Rightarrow A=B x→alimf(x)=A,x→alimf(x)=B,⇒A=B
(2) 局部有界性
- lim x → a f ( x ) = A ⇒ ∃ δ > 0 , M > 0 : ∣ f ( x ) ∣ ≤ M , ( x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) ) \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A \Rightarrow \exists \delta>0, M>0:|f(x)| \leq M,(x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta)) x→alimf(x)=A⇒∃δ>0,M>0:∣f(x)∣≤M,(x∈U∘(a,δ))
(3) 局部保号性
- 表述01
- lim x → a f ( x ) = A > 0 ⇒ ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , f ( x ) > A 2 ( > 0 ) \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A>0 \Rightarrow \exists \delta>0,\forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), f(x)>\frac{A}{2}(>0) x→alimf(x)=A>0⇒∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ),f(x)>2A(>0)
- 表述02
- 由表述01重写得
- lim x → a f ( x ) = A > 0 ⇒ ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , f ( x ) > 0 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A>0 \Rightarrow \exists \delta>0,\forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), f(x)>0 x→alimf(x)=A>0⇒∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ),f(x)>0
- lim x → a f ( x ) = A < 0 ⇒ ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , f ( x ) < 0 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A<0 \Rightarrow \exists \delta>0,\forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), f(x)<0 x→alimf(x)=A<0⇒∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ),f(x)<0
- 表述03
- 若 lim x → a f ( x ) = A > 0 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A>0 x→alimf(x)=A>0 ,那么 ∀ A ′ ∈ ( 0 , A ) , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , \forall A' \in (0,A) , \forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), ∀A′∈(0,A),∀x∈U∘(a,δ), 有 f ( x ) > A ′ f(x)>A' f(x)>A′
- 若 lim x → a f ( x ) = A < 0 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A<0 x→alimf(x)=A<0 ,那么 ∀ A ′ ∈ ( A , 0 ) , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , \forall A' \in (A,0) , \forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), ∀A′∈(A,0),∀x∈U∘(a,δ), 有 f ( x ) < A ′ f(x)<A' f(x)<A′
- 局部保号性的推论
- 由表述02-②取逆否命题有
- 若 ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , \exists \delta>0, \forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), ∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ), 有 f ( x ) ≥ 0 f(x)\geq0 f(x)≥0,那么 lim x → a f ( x ) = A ≥ 0 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A\geq0 x→alimf(x)=A≥0
(4) 局部保序性
- 若 lim x → a f ( x ) = A , lim x → a g ( x ) = B , A > B \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A,\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} g(x)=B,A>B x→alimf(x)=A,x→alimg(x)=B,A>B ,那么 ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , \exists \delta>0, \forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), ∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ), 有 f ( x ) > g ( x ) f(x)>g(x) f(x)>g(x)
- 局部保序性的特殊情况
- 当
g
(
x
)
=
0
g(x)=0
g(x)=0 时,有以下结论:
- 若 lim x → a f ( x ) = A > 0 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A>0 x→alimf(x)=A>0 ,那么 ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , \exists \delta>0, \forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), ∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ), 有 f ( x ) > 0 f(x)>0 f(x)>0
- 若 lim x → a f ( x ) = A < 0 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A<0 x→alimf(x)=A<0 ,那么 ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , \exists \delta>0, \forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), ∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ), 有 f ( x ) < 0 f(x)<0 f(x)<0
- 将该结论②取逆否命题,有:
- 若 ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , \exists \delta>0, \forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta), ∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ), 有 f ( x ) ≥ 0 f(x)\geq0 f(x)≥0,那么 lim x → a f ( x ) = A ≥ 0 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A\geq0 x→alimf(x)=A≥0
- 此即局部保号性的推论,殊途同归
- 当
g
(
x
)
=
0
g(x)=0
g(x)=0 时,有以下结论:
(5) 局部保不等式性
- 若 ∃ δ > 0 , ∀ x ∈ U ∘ ( a , δ ) , lim x → a f ( x ) = A , lim x → a g ( x ) = B , f ( x ) > g ( x ) \exists \delta>0, \forall x \in \stackrel{\circ}{U}(a, \delta),\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow a} f(x)=A,\lim \limits_{x\rightarrow a} g(x)=B,f(x)>g(x) ∃δ>0,∀x∈U∘(a,δ),x→alimf(x)=A,x→alimg(x)=B,f(x)>g(x) ,那么有 A > B A>B A>B