DRM（Direct Rendering Manager）（直接渲染管理器）
DRI（Direct Rendering Infrastructure）（直接渲染基件）
DMA （Direct Memory Access）（直接存储器访问）
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文章目录
Linux中的DRM、DRI、DMA简介
1. DRM(Direct Rendering Manager)
Direct Rendering Manager (DRM) 是一个硬件特定的内核空间部分，它为直接渲染提供了一个通用 API。它主要负责和图形硬件进行交互。
1.1 DRM架构
DRM 是由两部分组成：一部分是运行在用户空间的库(libdrm)，另一部分是运行在内核空间的驱动。用户空间的库向上层应用程序提供 API，而内核空间的驱动则与具体的硬件交互。
#include <drm/drmP.h>
#include <drm/drm_crtc_helper.h>
static struct drm_driver driver = {
.driver_features = DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ | DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED | DRIVER_MODESET,
/* ... */
};
static int __init mod_init(void)
{
return drm_platform_init(&driver, &pdev);
}
1.2 DRM工作流程
当用户空间的应用程序调用 libdrm 的 API 时，libdrm 将请求编码成 ioctl 系统调用并传递给内核。内核解码这个系统调用，并调用相应的 DRM 驱动函数来完成操作。结果通过 ioctl 返回给用户空间。
2. DRI(Direct Rendering Infrastructure)
DRI 是 X Window System 中用于提供硬件加速3D图形的基础架构。
2.1 DRI架构
DRI 包括三个主要组件：
- 用户空间的图形库，例如 Mesa，用于实现 OpenGL API。
- 内核空间的 Direct Rendering Manager (DRM)。
- X 服务器的 DRI 扩展。
以下是一个示例，显示了如何在用户空间中使用 Mesa 来进行 OpenGL 渲染：
#include <GL/gl.h>
void render_triangle() {
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
glVertex2f(-0.5f, -0.5f);
glVertex2f(0.5f, -0.5f);
glVertex2f(0.0f, 0.5f);
glEnd();
}
2.2 DRI工作流程
DRI 通过允许应用程序直接访问显存（避免数据在用户空间和内核空间之间的频繁复制）和硬件渲染引擎，从而达到提高性能的目的。应用程序通过调用 OpenGL API 进行绘制，然后这些调用被转换为可以由硬件执行的命令，并发送给 GPU。
3. DMA(Direct Memory Access)
DMA 允许设备无需 CPU 的干预就能直接将数据读取或写入内存。在 Linux 内核中，DMA 是通过 DMA 映射和 DMA 缓冲区管理 API 实现的。
3.1 DMA映射
DMA 映射 API 提供了一种方式来创建、销毁和管理 DMA 地址。这些地址被硬件设备用于直接访问主内存。
以下是一个示例，显示了如何在驱动程序中创建一个 DMA 映射：
dma_addr_t dma_addr;
void *buf;
buf = dma_alloc_coherent(dev, size, &dma_addr, GFP_KERNEL);
3.2 DMA缓冲区管理
DMA 缓冲区管理 API 提供了一种方式来分配、释放和管理 DMA 缓冲区。
以下是一个示例，显示了如何在驱动程序中创建一个 DMA 缓冲区：
struct dma_buf *buf;
buf = dma_buf_export(priv, &ops, size, flags, NULL);
参考资料
- The Linux Kernel: Chapter 15. The Direct Rendering Manager (DRM)
- The X Window System: Chapter 14. Direct Rendering Infrastructure
- The Linux Kernel: Chapter 16. Direct Memory Access (DMA) APIs
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