C语言pause()函数：让进程暂停直到信号出现
- 头文件：
#include <unistd.h>
- 定义函数：
int pause(void);
-
函数说明：pause()会令目前的进程暂停(进入睡眠状态), 直到被信号(signal)所中断.
-
返回值：只返回-1.
-
错误代码：EINTR 有信号到达中断了此函数.
参考文章：C语言中的pause()函数和alarm()函数以及sleep()函数
20230816
C语言中的pause()函数
pause()是一个在C语言中非常有用的函数，它可以使进程暂停直到接收到一个信号。本文将深入探讨此函数的原理，如何使用它，并分享一些相关示例。
目录
定义和原理
pause()函数定义在unistd.h头文件中。该函数会使调用进程挂起（即停止执行），直到捕获到一个信号1。
#include <unistd.h>
int pause(void);
函数原型中没有参数，返回值为-1。其工作方式是使得当前进程阻塞，等待操作系统发送信号。这个信号可以是任意类型，比如：SIGSTOP（停止信号）、SIGCONT（继续运行信号）等。如果成功捕获信号并处理，pause()会返回-1，并设置errno为EINTR2。
使用方法
在使用pause()函数时，通常需要与信号处理函数（signal handler）配合使用。首先，你需要定义一个信号处理函数，然后使用signal()函数来注册这个处理函数。
下面是一个基本的示例：
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void handle_sigint(int sig)
{
printf("Caught signal %d\n", sig);
}
int main()
{
signal(SIGINT, handle_sigint);
while (1)
{
printf("Hello world!\n");
sleep(1);
}
return 0;
}
在上述代码中，我们定义了一个名为handle_sigint的信号处理函数，当接收到SIGINT信号时，它会打印出"Catch signal"以及信号编号。然后，在主函数中，我们使用signal()函数注册了这个处理函数。这样，每次当用户按下Ctrl+C（也就是发送SIGINT信号）时，程序就会捕获这个信号，并调用相应的处理函数。
实际应用案例
一个经典的pause()函数应用案例是防止子进程成为僵尸进程。当父进程启动一个子进程，但不立即等待（wait）其结束时，子进程可能在父进程之前结束，并变成僵尸进程。
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
void sigchld_handler(int s)
{
wait(NULL);
}
int main(void)
{
pid_t pid;
signal(SIGCHLD, sigchld_handler);
pid = fork();
if (pid < 0) {
perror("fork");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (pid == 0) {
// 子进程逻辑
printf("I'm the child process.\n");
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
} else {
// 父进程逻辑
printf("I'm the parent process.\n");
pause(); // 等待 SIGCHLD 信号
printf("Child process ended. Exiting.\n");
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
在这个示例中，当子进程结束并发送SIGCHLD信号给父进程时，父进程会唤醒并通过调用wait()来清除已经结束的子进程，从而避免产生僵尸进程。
注意事项
在使用pause()函数时，有几点需要注意：
pause()函数不会消耗CPU资源，因此它是一种有效的等待信号的方法。- 如果没有捕获到信号，
pause()函数不会返回。 - 在多线程环境中，如果其他线程捕获到了信号，那么
pause()可能会被错误地唤醒。
技术投票
你觉得pause()函数在日常编程中有多重要？
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