python numpy.random.randn()与numpy.random.rand()的区别 (正态分布公式)（标准正态分布 standard normal distribution）

引用文章: numpy.random.randn()与numpy.random.rand()的区别
https://www.cnblogs.com/hezhiyao/p/8065528.html

• 总的来书就是, numpy.random.randn()生成的numpy矩阵元素值符合标准正态分布, 而numpy.random.rand()生成的是[0, 1)之间的均匀随机数.

• [附]标准正态分布:
  标准正态分布（英语：standard normal distribution， 德语Standardnormalverteilung），是一个在数学、物理及工程等领域都非常重要的概率分布，在统计学的许多方面有着重大的影响力。期望值μ=0，即曲线图象对称轴为Y轴，标准差σ=1条件下的正态分布，记为N(0，1)。
  
  标准正态分布又称为u分布，是以0为均数、以1为标准差的正态分布，记为N（0，1）。

• 正态分布公式:
  普通正态分布如何转换到标准正态分布
  https://blog.csdn.net/bitcarmanlee/article/details/86440851
  见numpy.random.randn() 官方doc结尾有应用案例.

- numpy.random.randn() 官方doc:

Docstring:
randn(d0, d1, ..., dn)

Return a sample (or samples) from the "standard normal" distribution.

If positive, int_like or int-convertible arguments are provided,
`randn` generates an array of shape ``(d0, d1, ..., dn)``, filled
with random floats sampled from a univariate "normal" (Gaussian)
distribution of mean 0 and variance 1 (if any of the :math:`d_i` are
floats, they are first converted to integers by truncation). A single
float randomly sampled from the distribution is returned if no
argument is provided.

This is a convenience function.  If you want an interface that takes a
tuple as the first argument, use `numpy.random.standard_normal` instead.

Parameters
----------
d0, d1, ..., dn : int, optional
    The dimensions of the returned array, should be all positive.
    If no argument is given a single Python float is returned.

Returns
-------
Z : ndarray or float
    A ``(d0, d1, ..., dn)``-shaped array of floating-point samples from
    the standard normal distribution, or a single such float if
    no parameters were supplied.

See Also
--------
standard_normal : Similar, but takes a tuple as its argument.

Notes
-----
For random samples from :math:`N(\mu, \sigma^2)`, use:

``sigma * np.random.randn(...) + mu``

Examples
--------
>>> np.random.randn()
2.1923875335537315 #random

Two-by-four array of samples from N(3, 6.25):

>>> 2.5 * np.random.randn(2, 4) + 3
array([[-4.49401501,  4.00950034, -1.81814867,  7.29718677],  #random
       [ 0.39924804,  4.68456316,  4.99394529,  4.84057254]]) #random
Type:      builtin_function_or_method

- numpy.random.rand() 官方doc:

Docstring:
rand(d0, d1, ..., dn)

Random values in a given shape.

Create an array of the given shape and populate it with
random samples from a uniform distribution
over ``[0, 1)``.

Parameters
----------
d0, d1, ..., dn : int, optional
    The dimensions of the returned array, should all be positive.
    If no argument is given a single Python float is returned.

Returns
-------
out : ndarray, shape ``(d0, d1, ..., dn)``
    Random values.

See Also
--------
random

Notes
-----
This is a convenience function. If you want an interface that
takes a shape-tuple as the first argument, refer to
np.random.random_sample .

Examples
--------
>>> np.random.rand(3,2)
array([[ 0.14022471,  0.96360618],  #random
       [ 0.37601032,  0.25528411],  #random
       [ 0.49313049,  0.94909878]]) #random
Type:      builtin_function_or_method