String重点接口

SLT(标准模板库)的六大组件

STL的缺点

编码

C++文档

• 官网
• C++11以后未更新，不是官网，但也好用

String

1、char和wchar_t

#include <string>
int main()
{
	cout << sizeof(char) << endl;
	cout << sizeof(wchar_t) << endl;
}

2、String构造

#include<string.h>
int main()
{
	string s1;
	string s2("hello world");
	string s3("陕西");
	string s4(10, 'a');
	string s5(s2);
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
	cout << s3 << endl;
	cout << s4 << endl;
	cout << s5 << endl;
	
	s1 = s5;
	cout << s1 << endl;
	return 0;
}

3、插入字符串

#include<string.h>
int main()
{
	string s1("hello");
	s1.push_back('+');//尾插一个字符
	s1.append("world");//插入一个字符串
	cout << s1 << endl;
	// 尾插更推荐用+=；
	s1 += '!';
	s1 += "hello 来了";
	cout << s1 << endl;
	return 0;
}

4、字符串和数字来回转换

void test_string7()
{
	int i = 12334;
	//转成字符串
	string str = to_string(i);
	cout << str << endl;
	//转成整数
	int j = stoi(str);
}
int main()
{
	test_string7();
	return 0;
}

遍历每个字符–重点

下面的test都需要这个

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
using namespace std;

template<class T>
class basic_string
{
public:
	char& operator[] (size_t pos); // 读 写
	//operator[]内核是这样检查越界的
	//{
	//assert(pos < _size);
	//return _a[pos];
	//}
	//C语言strcpy的时候用到
	const char* c_str() const
	{
		return _a;
	}
	const char& operator[] (size_t pos) const; // 读
private:
	T* _a;
	size_t _size;
	size_t _capacity;
};

• 方法1：数组
• 方法2：auto
• 方法3：迭代器

void test_string1()
{
	string s1;
	string s2("hello");
	cout << s2 << endl;
	//1、 遍历 修改+读取--数组
	for (size_t i = 0; i < s2.size(); ++i)
	{
		s2[i] += 1;
	}
	for (size_t i = 0; i < s2.size(); ++i)
	{
		cout << s2[i] << " ";
	}
	//s2[20];不能越界--err
	cout << endl;
	//2、 遍历 修改+读取--auto(本质是迭代器)
	for (auto& ch : s2)//char代替auto也行, 要修改所以加引用
	{
		ch -= 1;
	}
	cout << endl;
	for (auto ch : s2)
	{
		cout << ch << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	//3、 遍历 修改+读取--迭代器
	string::iterator it = s2.begin();
	while (it != s2.end())
	{
		*it += 1;
		++it;
	}
	it = s2.begin();
	while (it != s2.end())
	{
		cout << *it << " ";
		++it;
	}
	cout << endl;
	// 迭代器的好处，可以用统一类似的方式去访问修改容器
	vector<int> v = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
	vector<int>::iterator vit = v.begin();
	while (vit != v.end())
	{
		cout << *vit << " ";
		++vit;
	}
	cout << endl;

	list<int> lt = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
	list<int>::iterator lit = lt.begin();
	while (lit != lt.end())
	{
		cout << *lit << " ";
		++lit;
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
	test_string1();
}

迭代器–重点

1、const迭代器

void Print(const string& s)//const对象只能读不能写，用const迭代器
{
	string::const_iterator it = s.begin();//const迭代器
	while (it != s.end())
	{
		//*it += 1;不能给常量*it赋值--err
		cout << *it << " ";
		++it;
	}
	cout << endl;
}
void test_string2()
{
	string s1("hello");
	Print(s1);
}
int main()
{
	test_string2();
}

2、反向迭代器

void test_string2()
{
	string s1("hello");
	 反着遍历对象--可读可写
	string::reverse_iterator rit = s1.rbegin();
	while (rit != s1.rend())
	{
		//*rit += 1;
		cout << *rit << " ";
		++rit;
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
	test_string2();
}

3、反向迭代器和const

void Print(const string& s)//const对象只能读不能写，用const迭代器
{
	//string::const_reverse_iterator rit = s.rbegin();
	auto rit = s.rbegin();
	while (rit != s.rend())
	{
		//*rit += 1;--err
		cout << *rit << " ";
		++rit;
	}
	cout << endl;
}
void test_string2()
{
	string s1("hello");
	Print(s1);
}
int main()
{
	test_string2();
}

size、length、capacity

void test_string3()
{
	string s1("hello");
	//推荐用size
	cout << s1.size() << endl;
	cout << s1.length() << endl;
	cout << s1.capacity() << endl;

	//resize是改变长度的
	string s3("hello world");
	cout << s3 << endl;
	cout << s3.size() << endl;//11个字符
	//s3[19] = 'y';--err,operator[]会检查越界
	//增长
	//s3.resize(20, 'x');//用这个不用下面那个的话，看不到的\0可以看到都变为x
	s3.resize(20);
	s3[19] = 'y';//第19个字符为y
	cout << s3 << endl;
	cout << s3.size() << endl;//20个字符，11后面都是\0
	//减短
	string s4("hello world");
	s4.resize(5);
	cout << s4 << endl;
	cout << s4.size() << endl;

	//reserve--改变capacity
	//增容--增容的倍数和平台有关
	string s5("hello world");
	s5.reserve(25);//增容的倍数和平台有关与这里数字无关
	cout << s5 << endl;
	cout << s5.size() << endl;
	cout << s5.capacity() << endl;
	//缩容--是否缩小和平台有关
	s5.reserve(10);
	cout << s5 << endl;
	cout << s5.size() << endl;
	cout << s5.capacity() << endl;
}
int main()
{
	test_string3();
}

append 、+=、erase

void test_string5()
{
	string s1("hello");
	string s2("world");
	// 常用的
	s1 += ' ';
	s1 += s2;
	s1 += "!!!";
	cout << s1 << endl;
	// 能不用就不要用，因为insert和erase在头部或者中间等位置插入删除
	// 需要挪动数据，效率低下，尽量少用。了解即可
	s1.insert(0, "bit ");
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << "------------------------------------" << endl;
	string s3("hello world");
	cout << s3 << endl;
	//从第五个数据后面开始删两个
	s3.erase(5, 2);
	cout << s3 << endl;
	//从第五个数据后面开始删两个
	s3.erase(5, 20);
	cout << s3 << endl;
	//从第五个数据后面开始删完
	s3.erase(5);
	cout << s3 << endl;
}

find、rfind–微重点

void test_string6()
{
	// 取出文件的后缀
	string file1("test.txt.zip");
	string file2("test.c");
	size_t pos1 = file1.rfind('.');//用find不用rfind则file1的后缀会输出为.txt.zip
	if (pos1 != string::npos)
	{
		//string sub1 = file1.substr(pos1, file1.size()-pos1);
		string sub1 = file1.substr(pos1);//从pos1位置开始取
		cout << sub1 << endl;
	}
	size_t pos2 = file2.rfind('.');
	if (pos2 != string::npos)
	{
		string sub2 = file2.substr(pos2);
		cout << sub2 << endl;
	}
	// 取出url中协议--https、 域名--www.cplusplus.com、 uri--reference/string/string/find/
	string url("https://www.cplusplus.com/reference/string/string/find/");
	cout << url << endl;
	//协议
	size_t i1 = url.find("://");//从0开始搜索
	if (i1 != string::npos)
	{
		string protocol = url.substr(0, i1 - 0);
		cout << "protocol:" << protocol << endl;
	}
	//域名
	size_t i2 = url.find('/', i1 + 3);//从i1+3即w开始搜索找/
	if (i2 != string::npos)
	{
		string domain = url.substr(i1 + 3, i2 - (i1 + 3));//i2 - (i1 + 3找的域名的长度
		cout << "domain:" << domain << endl;
	}
	//uri
	string uri = url.substr(i2);
	cout << "uri:" << uri << endl;
}
int main()
{
	test_string6();
	return 0;
}