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Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: There are several passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.
Passage One
Questions 27 to 31 are based on the following passage.
Stress may be defined as the response of the body to any demand. Whenever people experience something pleasant or unpleasant, we say they are under stress. We call the pleasant kind “eustress”, the unpleasant kind “distress”.
People sometimes compare our lives with that of the caveman, who didn’t have to worry about the stock market or the atomic bomb. They forget that the caveman worried about being eaten by a bear or about dying of hunger — things that few people worry about today. It’s not that people suffer more stress today; it’s just that they think they do.
It is inconceivable that anyone should have no stress at all. Most people who are ambitious and want to accomplish something live on stress. They need it. But excessive stress is by all means harmful. Worse, chronic exposure to stress over a long time may cause more serious diseases and may actually shorten your life.
The most frequent causes of distress in man are psychological — lack of adaptability, not having a code of behavior. So the secret of coping with stress is not to avoid it but to do what you like to do and what you were made to do, at your own rate. For most people, it is really a matter of learning how to behave in various situations. The most important thing is to have a code of life, to know how to live.
-
In the third paragraph, the word “chronic” most probably means __________.
A) continual
B) short
C) chronological
D) acute -
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) There are two kinds of stress: pleasant stress and unpleasant stress.
B) Stress is by all means harmful.
C) Psychological causes account for a big part of distress in man.
D) To have a code of life is very important to coping with stress. -
The best title for this article is __________.
A) Stress Is a Terrible Thing
B) Comparison of Stress Between the Caveman and Today’s People
C) Stress Is a Double-Edged Sword
D) The Way to Regard and Cope with Stress -
In the second paragraph, the author implies that __________.
A) the caveman didn’t have to worry about the stock market or the atomic bomb
B) people suffer more stress today
C) it’s sensible for people to compare their lives with that of the caveman
D) it’s not more stress but just different stress people suffer today -
The italicized sentence in the third paragraph means __________.
A) not everyone has stress
B) no one has stress
C) everyone has stress
D) it’s possible that some people have no stress at all
Passage Two
Questions 32 to 36 are based on the following passage.
The loudest outcry about poverty seemed to come in the wealthiest country — by far — in the world. According to most calculations, through most of the 1945 — 1970 period the United States had a standard of living well above Europe’s and many times above the world average. Yet protests about grinding poverty, hunger, and dreadful need proceed more from the United States than from countries with one-fortieth of their living standard. An annual per capita income of eight dollars is typical of much of Africa and Asia and not a little of South America. It would seem strange to these people (were they only aware of the fact) that American radicals demand a retreat from an American commitment to the far corners of the globe so that the money thus saved can be spent raising the standard of living of underprivileged Americans.
What this last point suggests is not so much that human wants are never to be satisfied though this is doubtlessly true, and the American living in the suburbs deprived of his second car and his color TV suffers just as acutely as an African farmer in need of a second cow and a screen door. Rather, it suggests the extent of contemporary breach of social norms — the emancipation of the individual self. People have learned that their wants are sacred and rights ought to be satisfied. They have learned to consider any obstacle to personal fulfillment an intolerable insult. They have greatly expanded the circle of self awareness. They no longer accept sharp limitations on individual desires in the name of the group. The amount of potential human discontent has always been infinite — misery, failure, misfitting, bitterness, hatred, envy beyond telling. It has usually failed of utterance, and in the past it was accepted passively as being beyond help. -
The real cause for the most fortunate people to protest about poverty lies in ___________.
A) their consciousness of self
B) their economic status
C) limitations of human nature
D) conflict in class interests -
In order to improve the standard of living of poor Americans, the extremists in the States demand ___________.
A) a full tax relief on citizens living overseas
B) a stop to arms race against nations far away
C) a cut in financial assistance to poor countries
D) a favorable balance of trade with foreign countries -
From the last few sentences, it can be safely inferred that the outcry about poverty in effect involves people’s ___________.
A) ability to tolerate a hard life
B) understanding of their rights
C) political attitude toward the government
D) outlook on different life-styles -
According to the passage, most complaints over poor living standards were made by those who came from ___________.
A) the United States
B) Asian countries
C) the European Community
D) the Commonwealth of Nations -
The average income of an American a year during the 60’s was most likely in the neighborhood of ___________.
A) 1,120 dollars
B) 40 dollars
C) 320 dollars
D) 80 dollars
Passage Three
Questions 37 to 41 are based on the following passage.
“Culture shock” occurs as result of total immersion in a new culture. It happens to “people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad”. Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language, know the customs, or understand people’s behavior in daily life. The visitor finds that “yes” may not always mean “yes”, that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship, or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes. The foreigner may be unsure as to when to shake hands, when to start conversations, or how to approach a stranger. The notion of “culture shock” helps explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation.
Culture shock is so named because of the effect it has on people when they enter a new culture. Experts have been interested in these effects and have agreed on five basic stages of culture shock. These stages are general and should only be used as a reference. Not every individual will go through each stage，and one stage may last longer than another for different individuals.
The hardest thing for most travelers to deal with is the emotional “roller coaster” they seem to be riding. One moment they feel very positive toward the new culture, and the next moment very negative. It seems common that international visitors and immigrants vacillate between loving and hating a new country. Feelings of separation and alienation can be intensified if they do not have a sense of fitting in or belonging. Fatigue is another problem people face when entering a new culture. There can be a sense of a greater need for sleep. This is due not only to physical tiredness, but also to mental fatigue. This mental fatigue comes from straining to comprehend the language, and coping with new situations.
The impact of culture shock can vary from person to person. There can be significant differences because some people may be better prepared to enter a new culture. Four factors which play into these are personality, language ability, length of stay, and the emotional support received.
It is logical to think that when people are deprived of their familiar surroundings they will feel disoriented. One solution some have found is to bring a few small reminders of home. Pictures, wall hangings, favorite utensils, and keepsakes are all good candidates to make things feel more familiar. Another helpful activity is to establish little routines that become familiar over time. Even better is fitting things that were part of the regular routine back in the home country into the routine established in the new culture. This will make people feel more at home. -
Which of the following statements is true according to the author?
A) Perplexity results in culture shock.
B) A typical symptom of culture shock is confusion.
C) Culture shock is the explanation of anxiety.
D) Culture shock happens to foreign students only. -
According to Para. 2, experts believe that ______.
A) culture shock has four basic stages
B) every stage of culture shock may last as long as another for different individuals
C) an individual will experience five stages of culture shock when entering a new culture
D) cultural shock has great effect on people -
Emotional “roller coaster” refers to ______.
A) the feeling vacillating between loving and hating a new country
B) steady feeling toward a new culture
C) a sense of a greater need for sleep
D) physical tiredness as well as mental fatigue -
Coping with new situations may result in ______.
A) a positive attitude towards the new culture
B) the mental fatigue
C) feelings of separation and alienation
D) disorientation -
According to the author, the most effective way to solve “cultural shock” is ______.
A) fitting some regular routines into the new culture
B) bringing a few small reminders of home
C) establishing little routines that become familiar over time
D) avoiding troubles and difficulties as much as possible
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Vocabulary and Structure
Section A
Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.
-
The leading group of three continue to _______ the rest of the runners and were soon half a mile clear of them.
A) gain over
B) gain around
C) gain on
D) gain in -
I don’t think Mr. Baker was being completely __________ when he said he supported the government’s proposals.
A) conventional
B) effective
C) specific
D) sincere -
Only hotel guests have the ____ of using the private beach.
A) occasion
B) possibility
C) habit
D) privilege -
______________ she realized it was too late to go home.
A) No sooner it grew dark than
B) Hardly did it grow dark that
C) Scarcely had it grown dark than
D) It was not until dark that -
I saw them bending with great _____ over the machines.
A) concentration
B) absorption
C) endeavor
D) remarkable -
After several rounds of talks, the two parties agreed to __________ further economic co-operation.
A) explore
B) compel
C) exploit
D) forge -
The woman who lost the key hoped the finder would turn it over to __________.
A) official
B) anyone official
C) official anyone
D) anyone officially -
Although the international situation has ______ many changes, China will adhere to the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.
A) undergone
B) designated
C) brightened
D) fluttered -
After the election the new government __________ developing the roads in the countryside.
A) contracted
B) confirmed
C) convinced
D) commenced -
In her speech she made several thinly _____________ attacks on the president.
A) disguised
B) swallowed
C) compromised
D) reckoned -
You won’t know the value of the health _______ you lose it.
A) when
B) while
C) until
D) as -
Michelle found it difficult to get his British jokes ____ to Australian audiences.
A) across
B) deal
C) over
D) down -
Registering first in the blood with _______ effect, the love that endures takes up residence in the soul, which in this way becomes something far more powerful than bone and flesh.
A) fainting
B) dizzying
C) fading
D) puzzling -
The discovery of new facts __________ the rational thinker to reexamine the adequacy of his previous generalization.
A) compel
B) repel
C) oblige
D) constrain -
I consider this my business and you have no right to _______.
A) intervene
B) interfere
C) interact
D) disturb -
My father closed all the doors before he left the house ________ that it might rain.
A) so that
B) lest
C) for fear
D) unless -
The local government has ________ several highways in this district.
A) put on
B) put up
C) put over
D) put down -
Both media and consumers are eager to know what would happen if the two mega-retailers should __________.
A) fuse
B) merge
C) mingle
D) clone -
In order to avoid any mistake in the research, he __________ the results repeatedly.
A) waited on
B) checked on
C) counted on
D) went on -
Consideration must be given to both the development of production and the ____ of the people’s livelihood.
A) impact
B) impoverishment
C) improbability
D) improvement
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Cloze
Section A
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.
A British team has begun an exhausting trek to the North Pole to discover how quickly the Arctic sea-ice is (62)________ .
Renowned Arctic explorer Pen Hadow and two companions were dropped onto the ice by plane 800km off the northern coast of Canada on Saturday. During their 1,000km journey they plan to take (63)________ of the thickness of the ice. It will be the most detailed survey of its kind this season, and should be completed in late May.
BBC environment correspondent David Shukman said that (64)________ there were gaps in the ice, the team would put on survival suits and swim. At the rear of one sledge is a mobile radar unit which will constantly measure the (65)________ of the ice. Satellites have shown how the area of Arctic sea-ice has been shrinking in recent years, but this expedition should give scientists a better idea of how thin the ice is becoming.
The sea-ice is widely believed to be melting at a(n) (66)________ rate because of warmer air temperatures above the ice and because of warmer waters (67)________ it. The major scientific institutions and agencies that study the Arctic (68)________ the changes to global warming. A few years ago, researchers (69)________ that by the end of this century the Arctic could be (70)________ ice in summer. Some now say that could come far sooner.
Mr. Hadow and the other members of the British Catlin Arctic Survey group will attempt to gather important new data about the (71)________ of the ice in winter and early spring — when the ice reaches its greatest (72)________ . It is intended to give scientists the very latest “ground truth”, to better constrain their models and their interpretation of the (73)________ coming from satellites.
Arctic ice modeller Professor Wieslaw Maslowski, a science adviser to the survey, hopes the data will enable him to (74)________ his forecast of when the first ice-free summer might arrive. Currently, he has it down for 2013 — but with an uncertainty range between 2010 and 2016.
Mr. Hadow became the first person to trek alone and without support from Canada to the North Pole in 2003. He said this expedition would be about science and discovery.
“We’re making the surface journey because that’s the only way we have (75)________ gathering these (76)________ observations of how thick the ice is. That’s what the scientists really need to know.” He added: “If the ice is thinning quickly, then it should (77)________ alarm bells ringing around the world.” He said each member of the team would be dragging a sledge (78)________ up to 120kg for about 12 hours a day.
And his biggest fear was the (79)________ of having to swim with all his equipment for up to two hours at a time in darkness. They will be (80)________ every 20 to 25 days on their mission but have had to (81)________ on excess weight because, although they will be taking in 6,000 calories a day, they will be using up around 7,500.
A) lowering
B) thickening
C) melting
D) missing
63.
A) notice
B) data
C) samples
D) measurements
64.
A) which
B) if
C) where
D) when
65.
A) thickness
B) extent
C) width
D) size
66.
A) decreased
B) increasing
C) steady
D) increased
67.
A) under
B) around
C) surrounding
D) below
68.
A) connect
B) attribute
C) contribute
D) link
69.
A) believed
B) foresaw
C) predicted
D) announced
70.
A) full of
B) free of
C) lack of
D) no
71.
A) state
B) situation
C) status
D) presence
72.
A) extension
B) expansion
C) extent
D) existence
73.
A) observations
B) information
C) truth
D) data
74.
A) confine
B) prove
C) refine
D) restrain
75.
A) in
B) of
C) to
D) with
76.
A) direct
B) exhausting
C) detailed
D) surface
77.
A) send
B) set
C) cause
D) make
78.
A) weighed
B) weight
C) weighing
D) overweighed
79.
A) danger
B) plan
C) prospect
D) requirement
80.
A) back
B) fed
C) re-supplied
D) treated
81.
A) gain
B) carry
C) live
D) put
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