设置RNN的参数
这次我们会使用 RNN 来进行分类的训练 (Classification). 会继续使用到手写数字 MNIST 数据集. 让 RNN 从每张图片的第一行像素读到最后一行, 然后再进行分类判断. 接下来我们导入 MNIST 数据并确定 RNN 的各种参数(hyper-parameters):
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
tf.set_random_seed(1) # set random seed# 导入数据
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets('MNIST_data',one_hot=True)
# hyperparameter
lr = 0.001
traing_iters = 100000
batch_size = 28
n_inputs = 28 # MNIST data input (img shape: 28*28)
n_steps = 28 # time steps
n_hidden_units = 128 # neurons in hidden layer
n_classes = 10 # MNIST classes (0-9 digits)接着定义 x, y 的 placeholder 和 weights, biases 的初始状况.
# x,y placeholder
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32,[None,n_steps,n_inputs])
y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32,[None,n_classes])
# 对 weights biases 初始值的定义
weights = {
# shape (28,128)
'in':tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_inputs,n_hidden_units])),
# shape (128,10)
'out': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_units,n_classes]))
}
biases = {
# shape (128, )
'in': tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[n_hidden_units, ])),
# shape (10, )
'out': tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[n_classes, ]))
}
定义 RNN 的主体结构
接着开始定义 RNN 主体结构, 这个 RNN 总共有 3 个组成部分 ( input_layer, cell, output_layer).
首先我们先定义 input_layer:
def RNN(X,weights,biases):
# 原始的 X 是 3 维数据, 我们需要把它变成 2 维数据才能使用 weights 的矩阵乘法
# X ==> (128 batches * 28 steps, 28 inputs)
X = tf.reshape(X,[-1,n_inputs])
# X_in = W*X + b
X_in = tf.matmul(X,weights['in']) + biases['in']
# X_in ==> (128 batches, 28 steps, 128 hidden) 换回3维
X_in = tf.reshape(X_in, [-1, n_steps, n_hidden_units])接着是 cell 中的计算,
有两种途径:
1. 使用 tf.nn.rnn(cell, inputs) (不推荐).(不推荐原因). 但是如果使用这种方法, 可以参考原因;
2.使用 tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(cell, inputs) (推荐).
这次的练习将使用这种方式. 因 Tensorflow 版本升级原因, state_is_tuple=True 将在之后的版本中变为默认. 对于 lstm 来说, state可被分为(c_state, h_state).
# 使用 basic LSTM Cell.
lstm_cell = tf.contrib.rnn.BasicLSTMCell(n_hidden_units,forget_bias=1.0,state_is_tuple=True)
init_state = lstm_cell.zero_state(batch_size,dtype=tf.float32) # 初始化为全零state
如果使用tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(cell, inputs), 我们要确定 inputs 的格式.
tf.nn.dynamic_rnn 中的 time_major 参数会针对不同 inputs 格式有不同的值.
如果 inputs 为 (batches, steps, inputs) ==> time_major=False;
如果 inputs 为 (steps, batches, inputs) ==> time_major=True;
outputs,final_state = tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(lstm_cell,X_in,initial_state=init_state,time_major=False)
# 方式一: 直接调用final_state 中的 h_state (final_state[1]) 来进行运算:
# results = tf.matmul(final_state[1], weights['out']) + biases['out']
# 方式二: 调用最后一个 outputs (在这个例子中,和上面的final_state[1]是一样的):
# 把 outputs 变成 列表 [(batch, outputs)..] * steps
outputs = tf.unstack(tf.transpose(outputs, [1,0,2]))
results = tf.matmul(outputs[-1], weights['out']) + biases['out'] #选取最后一个 output
# 在 def RNN() 的最后输出 result
return results定义好了 RNN 主体结构后, 我们就可以来计算 cost 和 train_op:
pred = RNN(x, weights, biases)
cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(pred, y))
train_op = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(lr).minimize(cost)
训练 RNN
训练时, 不断输出 accuracy, 观看结果:
correct_pred = tf.equal(tf.argmax(pred, 1), tf.argmax(y, 1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_pred, tf.float32))
# init= tf.initialize_all_variables() # tf 马上就要废弃这种写法
# 替换成下面的写法:
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
with tf.Session() as sess:
sess.run(init)
step = 0
while step * batch_size < training_iters:
batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size)
batch_xs = batch_xs.reshape([batch_size, n_steps, n_inputs])
sess.run([train_op], feed_dict={
x: batch_xs,
y: batch_ys,
})
if step % 20 == 0:
print(sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={
x: batch_xs,
y: batch_ys,
}))
step += 1完整版代码如下：
"""
This code is a modified version of the code from this link:
https://github.com/aymericdamien/TensorFlow-Examples/blob/master/examples/3_NeuralNetworks/recurrent_network.py
His code is a very good one for RNN beginners. Feel free to check it out.
"""
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
# set random seed for comparing the two result calculations
tf.set_random_seed(1)
# this is data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets('MNIST_data', one_hot=True)
# hyperparameters
lr = 0.001
training_iters = 100000
batch_size = 128
n_inputs = 28 # MNIST data input (img shape: 28*28)
n_steps = 28 # time steps
n_hidden_units = 128 # neurons in hidden layer
n_classes = 10 # MNIST classes (0-9 digits)
# tf Graph input
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, n_steps, n_inputs])
y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, n_classes])
# Define weights
weights = {
# (28, 128)
'in': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_inputs, n_hidden_units])),
# (128, 10)
'out': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_units, n_classes]))
}
biases = {
# (128, )
'in': tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[n_hidden_units, ])),
# (10, )
'out': tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[n_classes, ]))
}
def RNN(X, weights, biases):
# hidden layer for input to cell
########################################
# transpose the inputs shape from
# X ==> (128 batch * 28 steps, 28 inputs)
X = tf.reshape(X, [-1, n_inputs])
# into hidden
# X_in = (128 batch * 28 steps, 128 hidden)
X_in = tf.matmul(X, weights['in']) + biases['in']
# X_in ==> (128 batch, 28 steps, 128 hidden)
X_in = tf.reshape(X_in, [-1, n_steps, n_hidden_units])
# cell
##########################################
# basic LSTM Cell.
if int((tf.__version__).split('.')[1]) < 12 and int((tf.__version__).split('.')[0]) < 1:
cell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicLSTMCell(n_hidden_units, forget_bias=1.0, state_is_tuple=True)
else:
cell = tf.contrib.rnn.BasicLSTMCell(n_hidden_units)
# lstm cell is divided into two parts (c_state, h_state)
init_state = cell.zero_state(batch_size, dtype=tf.float32)
# You have 2 options for following step.
# 1: tf.nn.rnn(cell, inputs);
# 2: tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(cell, inputs).
# If use option 1, you have to modified the shape of X_in, go and check out this:
# https://github.com/aymericdamien/TensorFlow-Examples/blob/master/examples/3_NeuralNetworks/recurrent_network.py
# In here, we go for option 2.
# dynamic_rnn receive Tensor (batch, steps, inputs) or (steps, batch, inputs) as X_in.
# Make sure the time_major is changed accordingly.
outputs, final_state = tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(cell, X_in, initial_state=init_state, time_major=False)
# hidden layer for output as the final results
#############################################
# results = tf.matmul(final_state[1], weights['out']) + biases['out']
# # or
# unpack to list [(batch, outputs)..] * steps
if int((tf.__version__).split('.')[1]) < 12 and int((tf.__version__).split('.')[0]) < 1:
outputs = tf.unpack(tf.transpose(outputs, [1, 0, 2])) # states is the last outputs
else:
outputs = tf.unstack(tf.transpose(outputs, [1,0,2]))
results = tf.matmul(outputs[-1], weights['out']) + biases['out'] # shape = (128, 10)
return results
pred = RNN(x, weights, biases)
cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=pred, labels=y))
train_op = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(lr).minimize(cost)
correct_pred = tf.equal(tf.argmax(pred, 1), tf.argmax(y, 1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_pred, tf.float32))
with tf.Session() as sess:
# tf.initialize_all_variables() no long valid from
# 2017-03-02 if using tensorflow >= 0.12
if int((tf.__version__).split('.')[1]) < 12 and int((tf.__version__).split('.')[0]) < 1:
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
else:
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init)
step = 0
while step * batch_size < training_iters:
batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size)
batch_xs = batch_xs.reshape([batch_size, n_steps, n_inputs])
sess.run([train_op], feed_dict={
x: batch_xs,
y: batch_ys,
})
if step % 20 == 0:
print(sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={
x: batch_xs,
y: batch_ys,
}))
step += 1
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