R install.packages() 设置国内CRAN镜像

使用 install.packages() 安装R包时，总是比较慢，有时甚至安装失败，失败情形如下：

> install.packages('gridExtra')
Warning in install.packages :
  unable to access index for repository https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib:
  无法打开URL'https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib/PACKAGES'

为避免这种情况，可以设置CRAN使用清华大学镜像，命令如下：

options(repos=structure(c(CRAN="https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CRAN/"))) 

之后再来安装包，速度很快：

> install.packages('gridExtra')
试开URL’https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CRAN/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.5/gridExtra_2.3.tgz'
Content type 'application/octet-stream' length 1102824 bytes (1.1 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 1.1 MB


The downloaded binary packages are in
    /var/folders/kl/9xr58rsj4md0f1ngtxhq0bqh0000gn/T//RtmpuSD541/downloaded_packages

或者不用Rstudio，直接用R安装：