排序

1.sort

对于被排序的元素，需提供operator<

// sort algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::sort
#include <vector>       // std::vector

bool myfunction (int i,int j) { return (i<j); }

struct myclass {
  bool operator() (int i,int j) { return (i<j);}
} myobject;

int main () {
  int myints[] = {32,71,12,45,26,80,53,33};
  std::vector<int> myvector (myints, myints+8);               // 32 71 12 45 26 80 53 33

  // using default comparison (operator <):
  std::sort (myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+4);           //(12 32 45 71)26 80 53 33

  // using function as comp
  std::sort (myvector.begin()+4, myvector.end(), myfunction); // 12 32 45 71(26 33 53 80)

  // using object as comp
  std::sort (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myobject);     //(12 26 32 33 45 53 71 80)

  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

2.partial_sort

对于[first,last)中的部分元素进行牌序，是的[first,middle)中的元素是有序的，而[middle,last)中的元素顺序市委定义的。

// partial_sort example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::partial_sort
#include <vector>       // std::vector

bool myfunction (int i,int j) { return (i<j); }

int main () {
  int myints[] = {9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1};
  std::vector<int> myvector (myints, myints+9);

  // using default comparison (operator <):
  std::partial_sort (myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end());

  // using function as comp
  std::partial_sort (myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end(),myfunction);

  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

3.binary_search

1.在[first,last)中查找等于val的元素

2.容器中的元素首先要排序

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  bool binary_search (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val)
{
  first = std::lower_bound(first,last,val);
  return (first!=last && !(val<*first));
}

// binary_search example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::binary_search, std::sort
#include <vector>       // std::vector

bool myfunction (int i,int j) { return (i<j); }

int main () {
  int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1};
  std::vector<int> v(myints,myints+9);                         // 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1

  // using default comparison:
  std::sort (v.begin(), v.end());

  std::cout << "looking for a 3... ";
  if (std::binary_search (v.begin(), v.end(), 3))
    std::cout << "found!\n"; else std::cout << "not found.\n";

  // using myfunction as comp:
  std::sort (v.begin(), v.end(), myfunction);

  std::cout << "looking for a 6... ";
  if (std::binary_search (v.begin(), v.end(), 6, myfunction))
    std::cout << "found!\n"; else std::cout << "not found.\n";

  return 0;
}

4.merge

将排好序的[first1,last1)与[first2,last2)合并到result

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator merge (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                        InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
                        OutputIterator result)
{
  while (true) {
    if (first1==last1) return std::copy(first2,last2,result);
    if (first2==last2) return std::copy(first1,last1,result);
    *result++ = (*first2<*first1)? *first2++ : *first1++;
  }
}

include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::merge, std::sort
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  int first[] = {5,10,15,20,25};
  int second[] = {50,40,30,20,10};
  std::vector<int> v(10);

  std::sort (first,first+5);
  std::sort (second,second+5);
  std::merge (first,first+5,second,second+5,v.begin());

  std::cout << "The resulting vector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=v.begin(); it!=v.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

5.includes

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
  bool includes (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                 InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2)
{
  while (first2!=last2) {
    if ( (first1==last1) || (*first2<*first1) ) return false;
    if (!(*first1<*first2)) ++first2;
    ++first1;
  }
  return true;
}

1.判别[first1,last1)是否包含[fist2,last2)

2.[first1,last1)和[first2,last2)都是排好序的

// includes algorithm example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::includes, std::sort

bool myfunction (int i, int j) { return i<j; }

int main () {
  int container[] = {5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50};
  int continent[] = {40,30,20,10};

  std::sort (container,container+10);
  std::sort (continent,continent+4);

  // using default comparison:
  if ( std::includes(container,container+10,continent,continent+4) )
    std::cout << "container includes continent!\n";

  // using myfunction as comp:
  if ( std::includes(container,container+10,continent,continent+4, myfunction) )
    std::cout << "container includes continent!\n";

  return 0;
}

6.make_heap

1.将区间[first,last)转换成一个堆

2.堆结构采用max_heap，维持平衡二叉树

7.push_heap

1.向堆中添加一个元素，该算法的前提是假设[fist,last-1)已经是个堆，被添加到堆的元素为*(last-1)

2.堆结构采用max_heap，维持平衡二叉树

8.pop_headp

1.向堆中添加一个元素，该算法的前提是假设[fist,last)已经是个堆，被弹出的堆元素为根顶元素

2.堆结构采用max_heap，维持平衡二叉树

9.sort_heap

1.将堆[first,last)中的元素进行排序

2.堆结构采用max_heap，维持平衡二叉树

3.sort的做法是不断pop_heap，因为每次pop都可以获得堆中的最大元素

// range heap example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::make_heap, std::pop_heap, std::push_heap, std::sort_heap
#include <vector>       // std::vector

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,5,15};
  std::vector<int> v(myints,myints+5);

  std::make_heap (v.begin(),v.end());
  std::cout << "initial max heap   : " << v.front() << '\n';

  std::pop_heap (v.begin(),v.end()); v.pop_back();
  std::cout << "max heap after pop : " << v.front() << '\n';

  v.push_back(99); std::push_heap (v.begin(),v.end());
  std::cout << "max heap after push: " << v.front() << '\n';

  std::sort_heap (v.begin(),v.end());

  std::cout << "final sorted range :";
  for (unsigned i=0; i<v.size(); i++)
    std::cout << ' ' << v[i];

  std::cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}