13muduo_base库源码分析（四）

1.线程标识符

（1）Linux中，每个进程有一个pid，类型pid_t，由getpid()取得。Linux下的POSIX线程也有一个id，类型 pthread_t，由pthread_self()取得，该id由线程库维护，其id空间是各个进程独立的（即不同进程中的线程可能有相同的id）。Linux中的POSIX线程库实现的线程其实也是一个进程（LWP），只是该进程与主进程（启动线程的进程）共享一些资源而已，比如代码段，数据段等。

（2）有时候我们可能需要知道线程的真实pid。比如进程P1要向另外一个进程P2中的某个线程发送信号时，既不能使用P2的pid，更不能使用线程的pthreadid，而只能使用该线程的真实pid，称为tid。

（3）有一个函数gettid()可以得到tid，但glibc并没有实现该函数，只能通过Linux的系统调用syscall来获取。

         return syscall(SYS_gettid)

2.Thread类图

typedefboost::function<void ()>ThreadFunc;

_thread，gcc内置的线程局部存储设施

_thread只能修饰POD类型

POD类型（plain old data），与C兼容的原始数据，例如，结构和整型等C语言中的类型是 POD 类型，但带有用户定义的构造函数或虚函数的类则不是

__threadstring t_obj1(“cppcourse”);  //错误，不能调用对象的构造函数

__threadstring* t_obj2 = new string;  //错误，初始化只能是编译期常量

__threadstring* t_obj3 = NULL;  //正确

线程特定属性tsd，可以修饰非POD类型

boost::is_same判断类型是否为同一类型

Thread.h

// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
// that can be found in the License file.
//
// Author: Shuo Chen (chenshuo at chenshuo dot com)

#ifndef MUDUO_BASE_THREAD_H
#define MUDUO_BASE_THREAD_H

#include <muduo/base/Atomic.h>
#include <muduo/base/Types.h>

#include <boost/function.hpp>
#include <boost/noncopyable.hpp>
#include <pthread.h>

namespace muduo
{

class Thread : boost::noncopyable
{
 public:
  typedef boost::function<void ()> ThreadFunc;

  explicit Thread(const ThreadFunc&, const string& name = string());
  ~Thread();

  void start();
  int join(); // return pthread_join()

  bool started() const { return started_; }
  // pthread_t pthreadId() const { return pthreadId_; }
  pid_t tid() const { return tid_; }
  const string& name() const { return name_; }

  static int numCreated() { return numCreated_.get(); }

 private:
  static void* startThread(void* thread);
  void runInThread();

  bool       started_;
  pthread_t  pthreadId_;
  pid_t      tid_;
  ThreadFunc func_;
  string     name_;

  static AtomicInt32 numCreated_;
};

}
#endif

CurrentThread.h

// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
// that can be found in the License file.
//
// Author: Shuo Chen (chenshuo at chenshuo dot com)

#ifndef MUDUO_BASE_CURRENTTHREAD_H
#define MUDUO_BASE_CURRENTTHREAD_H

namespace muduo
{
namespace CurrentThread
{
  // internal
  extern __thread int t_cachedTid;
  extern __thread char t_tidString[32];
  extern __thread const char* t_threadName;
  void cacheTid();

  inline int tid()
  {
    if (t_cachedTid == 0)
    {
      cacheTid();
    }
    return t_cachedTid;
  }

  inline const char* tidString() // for logging
  {
    return t_tidString;
  }

  inline const char* name()
  {
    return t_threadName;
  }

  bool isMainThread();
}
}

#endif

Thread.cc

// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
// that can be found in the License file.
//
// Author: Shuo Chen (chenshuo at chenshuo dot com)

#include <muduo/base/Thread.h>
#include <muduo/base/CurrentThread.h>
#include <muduo/base/Exception.h>
//#include <muduo/base/Logging.h>

#include <boost/static_assert.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_same.hpp>

#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <linux/unistd.h>

namespace muduo
{
namespace CurrentThread
{
  // __thread修饰的变量是线程局部存储的。
  __thread int t_cachedTid = 0;		// 线程真实pid（tid）的缓存，
									// 是为了减少::syscall(SYS_gettid)系统调用的次数
									// 提高获取tid的效率
  __thread char t_tidString[32];	// 这是tid的字符串表示形式
  __thread const char* t_threadName = "unknown";
  const bool sameType = boost::is_same<int, pid_t>::value;
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(sameType);
}

namespace detail
{

pid_t gettid()
{
  return static_cast<pid_t>(::syscall(SYS_gettid));
}

void afterFork()
{
  muduo::CurrentThread::t_cachedTid = 0;
  muduo::CurrentThread::t_threadName = "main";
  CurrentThread::tid();
  // no need to call pthread_atfork(NULL, NULL, &afterFork);
}

class ThreadNameInitializer
{
 public:
  ThreadNameInitializer()
  {
    muduo::CurrentThread::t_threadName = "main";
    CurrentThread::tid();
    pthread_atfork(NULL, NULL, &afterFork);
  }
};

ThreadNameInitializer init;
}
}

using namespace muduo;

void CurrentThread::cacheTid()
{
  if (t_cachedTid == 0)
  {
    t_cachedTid = detail::gettid();
    int n = snprintf(t_tidString, sizeof t_tidString, "%5d ", t_cachedTid);
    assert(n == 6); (void) n;
  }
}

bool CurrentThread::isMainThread()
{
  return tid() == ::getpid();
}

AtomicInt32 Thread::numCreated_;

Thread::Thread(const ThreadFunc& func, const string& n)
  : started_(false),
    pthreadId_(0),
    tid_(0),
    func_(func),
    name_(n)
{
  numCreated_.increment();
}

Thread::~Thread()
{
  // no join
}

void Thread::start()
{
  assert(!started_);
  started_ = true;
  errno = pthread_create(&pthreadId_, NULL, &startThread, this);
  if (errno != 0)
  {
    //LOG_SYSFATAL << "Failed in pthread_create";
  }
}

int Thread::join()
{
  assert(started_);
  return pthread_join(pthreadId_, NULL);
}

void* Thread::startThread(void* obj)
{
  Thread* thread = static_cast<Thread*>(obj);
  thread->runInThread();
  return NULL;
}

void Thread::runInThread()
{
  tid_ = CurrentThread::tid();
  muduo::CurrentThread::t_threadName = name_.c_str();
  try
  {
    func_();
    muduo::CurrentThread::t_threadName = "finished";
  }
  catch (const Exception& ex)
  {
    muduo::CurrentThread::t_threadName = "crashed";
    fprintf(stderr, "exception caught in Thread %s\n", name_.c_str());
    fprintf(stderr, "reason: %s\n", ex.what());
    fprintf(stderr, "stack trace: %s\n", ex.stackTrace());
    abort();
  }
  catch (const std::exception& ex)
  {
    muduo::CurrentThread::t_threadName = "crashed";
    fprintf(stderr, "exception caught in Thread %s\n", name_.c_str());
    fprintf(stderr, "reason: %s\n", ex.what());
    abort();
  }
  catch (...)
  {
    muduo::CurrentThread::t_threadName = "crashed";
    fprintf(stderr, "unknown exception caught in Thread %s\n", name_.c_str());
    throw; // rethrow
  }
}

Thread_test.cc

#include <muduo/base/Thread.h>
#include <muduo/base/CurrentThread.h>

#include <string>
#include <boost/bind.hpp>
#include <stdio.h>

void threadFunc()
{
  printf("tid=%d\n", muduo::CurrentThread::tid());
}

void threadFunc2(int x)
{
  printf("tid=%d, x=%d\n", muduo::CurrentThread::tid(), x);
}

class Foo
{
 public:
  explicit Foo(double x)
    : x_(x)
  {
  }

  void memberFunc()
  {
    printf("tid=%d, Foo::x_=%f\n", muduo::CurrentThread::tid(), x_);
  }

  void memberFunc2(const std::string& text)
  {
    printf("tid=%d, Foo::x_=%f, text=%s\n", muduo::CurrentThread::tid(), x_, text.c_str());
  }

 private:
  double x_;
};

int main()
{
  printf("pid=%d, tid=%d\n", ::getpid(), muduo::CurrentThread::tid());

  muduo::Thread t1(threadFunc);
  t1.start();
  t1.join();

  muduo::Thread t2(boost::bind(threadFunc2, 42),
                   "thread for free function with argument");
  t2.start();
  t2.join();

  Foo foo(87.53);
  muduo::Thread t3(boost::bind(&Foo::memberFunc, &foo),
                   "thread for member function without argument");
  t3.start();
  t3.join();

  muduo::Thread t4(boost::bind(&Foo::memberFunc2, boost::ref(foo), std::string("Shuo Chen")));
  t4.start();
  t4.join();

  printf("number of created threads %d\n", muduo::Thread::numCreated());
}

3.pthread_atfork

(1)#include <pthread.h>

(2)intpthread_atfork(void (*prepare)(void), void(*parent)(void), void (*child)(void));

(3)调用fork时，内部创建子进程前在父进程中会调用prepare，内部创建子进程成功后，父进程会调用parent ，子进程会调用child

(4)fork可能是在主线程中调用，也可能是在子线程中调用

(5)fork得到一个新进程，新进程只有一个执行序列，只有一个线程（调用fork的线程被继承下来）

1.死锁示例

// 一个在多线程程序里fork造成死锁的例子
// 一个输出示例：
/*

pid = 19445 Entering main ...
pid = 19445 begin doit ...
pid = 19447 begin doit ...
pid = 19445 end doit ...
pid = 19445 Exiting main ...

父进程在创建了一个线程，并对mutex加锁，
父进程创建一个子进程，在子进程中调用doit，由于子进程会复制父进程的内存，这时候mutex处于锁的状态，
父进程在复制子进程的时候，只会复制当前线程的执行状态，其它线程不会复制。因此子进程会处于死锁的状态。
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>


pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

void* doit(void* arg)
{
	printf("pid = %d begin doit ...\n",static_cast<int>(getpid()));
	pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
	struct timespec ts = {2, 0};
	nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
	printf("pid = %d end doit ...\n",static_cast<int>(getpid()));

	return NULL;
}

int main(void)
{
	printf("pid = %d Entering main ...\n", static_cast<int>(getpid()));
	pthread_t tid;
	pthread_create(&tid, NULL, doit, NULL);
	struct timespec ts = {1, 0};
	nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
	if (fork() == 0)
	{
		doit(NULL);
	}
	pthread_join(tid, NULL);
	printf("pid = %d Exiting main ...\n",static_cast<int>(getpid()));

	return 0;
}

2.无死锁

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>


pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

void* doit(void* arg)
{
	printf("pid = %d begin doit ...\n",static_cast<int>(getpid()));
	pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
	struct timespec ts = {2, 0};
	nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
	printf("pid = %d end doit ...\n",static_cast<int>(getpid()));

	return NULL;
}

void prepare(void)
{
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}

void parent(void)
{
	pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
}

int main(void)
{
	pthread_atfork(prepare, parent, NULL);
	printf("pid = %d Entering main ...\n", static_cast<int>(getpid()));
	pthread_t tid;
	pthread_create(&tid, NULL, doit, NULL);
	struct timespec ts = {1, 0};
	nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
	if (fork() == 0)
	{
		doit(NULL);
	}
	pthread_join(tid, NULL);
	printf("pid = %d Exiting main ...\n",static_cast<int>(getpid()));

	return 0;
}

3.pthread_atfork示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>

void prepare(void)
{
	printf("pid = %d prepare ...\n", static_cast<int>(getpid()));
}

void parent(void)
{
	printf("pid = %d parent ...\n", static_cast<int>(getpid()));
}

void child(void)
{
	printf("pid = %d child ...\n", static_cast<int>(getpid()));
}


int main(void)
{
	printf("pid = %d Entering main ...\n", static_cast<int>(getpid()));

	pthread_atfork(prepare, parent, child);

	fork();

	printf("pid = %d Exiting main ...\n",static_cast<int>(getpid()));

	return 0;
}