Leftist Heap

二叉堆的合并需要耗费O(N)的代价，而leftist heap只需O(logN)

[Definition]
Npl (X)
The null path length, Npl(X), of any node X is the length of the shortest path from X to a node without two children. Define Npl(NULL) = –1.
也就是说，npl是从该节点到第一个没有两个孩子的子节点的路径长度。

merge

PriorityQueue  Merge ( PriorityQueue H1, PriorityQueue H2 )
{ 
    if ( H1 == NULL )   return H2;  
    if ( H2 == NULL )   return H1;  
    if ( H1->Element < H2->Element )  return Merge1( H1, H2 );
    else return Merge1( H2, H1 );
}

static PriorityQueue
Merge1( PriorityQueue H1, PriorityQueue H2 )
{ 
    if ( H1->Left == NULL )     /* single node */
        H1->Left = H2;  /* H1->Right is already NULL 
                        and H1->Npl is already 0 */
    else {
        H1->Right = Merge( H1->Right, H2 );     /* Step 1 & 2 */
        if ( H1->Left->Npl < H1->Right->Npl )
            SwapChildren( H1 ); /* Step 3 */
        H1->Npl = H1->Right->Npl + 1;
    } /* end else */
    return H1;
}

Exercises

Reference

https://blog.csdn.net/Woolseyyy/article/details/51571024