Assignment | 05-week2 -Part_1-Operations on word vectors

该系列仅在原课程基础上课后作业部分添加个人学习笔记，如有错误，还请批评指教。- ZJ

Coursera 课程 |deeplearning.ai |网易云课堂

CSDN：http://blog.csdn.net/JUNJUN_ZHAO/article/details/79466597

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Welcome to your first assignment of this week!

Because word embeddings are very computionally expensive to train, most ML practitioners will load a pre-trained set of embeddings. 词嵌入的训练计算很昂贵，所以一般会预先下载预训练好的词嵌入模型使用。

After this assignment you will be able to:

• Load pre-trained word vectors, and measure similarity using cosine similarity 使用余弦相似性度量相似性
• Use word embeddings to solve word analogy problems such as Man is to Woman as King is to __.
• Modify word embeddings to reduce their gender bias 修改词嵌入减少它们的性别偏见

Let’s get started! Run the following cell to load the packages you will need.

import numpy as np
from w2v_utils import *

'''
w2v_utils 中的代码

'''

from keras.models import Model
from keras.layers import Input, Dense, Reshape, merge
from keras.layers.embeddings import Embedding
from keras.preprocessing.sequence import skipgrams
from keras.preprocessing import sequence

import urllib.request
import collections
import os
import zipfile

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

window_size = 3
vector_dim = 300
epochs = 1000

valid_size = 16     # Random set of words to evaluate similarity on.
valid_window = 100  # Only pick dev samples in the head of the distribution.
valid_examples = np.random.choice(valid_window, valid_size, replace=False)

def maybe_download(filename, url, expected_bytes):
    """Download a file if not present, and make sure it's the right size."""
    if not os.path.exists(filename):
        filename, _ = urllib.request.urlretrieve(url + filename, filename)
    statinfo = os.stat(filename)
    if statinfo.st_size == expected_bytes:
        print('Found and verified', filename)
    else:
        print(statinfo.st_size)
        raise Exception(
            'Failed to verify ' + filename + '. Can you get to it with a browser?')
    return filename


# Read the data into a list of strings.
def read_data(filename):
    """Extract the first file enclosed in a zip file as a list of words."""
    with zipfile.ZipFile(filename) as f:
        data = tf.compat.as_str(f.read(f.namelist()[0])).split()
    return data


def build_dataset(words, n_words):
    """Process raw inputs into a dataset."""
    count = [['UNK', -1]]
    count.extend(collections.Counter(words).most_common(n_words - 1))
    dictionary = dict()
    for word, _ in count:
        dictionary[word] = len(dictionary)
    data = list()
    unk_count = 0
    for word in words:
        if word in dictionary:
            index = dictionary[word]
        else:
            index = 0  # dictionary['UNK']
            unk_count += 1
        data.append(index)
    count[0][1] = unk_count
    reversed_dictionary = dict(zip(dictionary.values(), dictionary.keys()))
    return data, count, dictionary, reversed_dictionary

def collect_data(vocabulary_size=10000):
    url = 'http://mattmahoney.net/dc/'
    filename = maybe_download('text8.zip', url, 31344016)
    vocabulary = read_data(filename)
    print(vocabulary[:7])
    data, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary = build_dataset(vocabulary,
                                                                vocabulary_size)
    del vocabulary  # Hint to reduce memory.
    return data, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary

class SimilarityCallback:
    def run_sim(self):
        for i in range(valid_size):
            valid_word = reverse_dictionary[valid_examples[i]]
            top_k = 8  # number of nearest neighbors
            sim = self._get_sim(valid_examples[i])
            nearest = (-sim).argsort()[1:top_k + 1]
            log_str = 'Nearest to %s:' % valid_word
            for k in range(top_k):
                close_word = reverse_dictionary[nearest[k]]
                log_str = '%s %s,' % (log_str, close_word)
            print(log_str)

    @staticmethod
    def _get_sim(valid_word_idx):
        sim = np.zeros((vocab_size,))
        in_arr1 = np.zeros((1,))
        in_arr2 = np.zeros((1,))
        in_arr1[0,] = valid_word_idx
        for i in range(vocab_size):
            in_arr2[0,] = i
            out = validation_model.predict_on_batch([in_arr1, in_arr2])
            sim[i] = out
        return sim


def read_glove_vecs(glove_file):
    with open(glove_file, 'r', encoding='UTF-8') as f:
        words = set()
        word_to_vec_map = {}

        for line in f:
            line = line.strip().split()
            curr_word = line[0]
            words.add(curr_word)
            word_to_vec_map[curr_word] = np.array(line[1:], dtype=np.float64)

    return words, word_to_vec_map

def relu(x):
    """
    Compute the relu of x

    Arguments:
    x -- A scalar or numpy array of any size.

    Return:
    s -- relu(x)
    """
    s = np.maximum(0,x)

    return s


def initialize_parameters(vocab_size, n_h):
    """
    Arguments:
    layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the dimensions of each layer in our network

    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", "W2", "b2":
                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (n_h, vocab_size)
                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (n_h, 1)
                    W2 -- weight matrix of shape (vocab_size, n_h)
                    b2 -- bias vector of shape (vocab_size, 1)
    """

    np.random.seed(3)
    parameters = {}

    parameters['W1'] = np.random.randn(n_h, vocab_size) / np.sqrt(vocab_size)
    parameters['b1'] = np.zeros((n_h, 1))
    parameters['W2'] = np.random.randn(vocab_size, n_h) / np.sqrt(n_h)
    parameters['b2'] = np.zeros((vocab_size, 1))

    return parameters

def softmax(x):
    """Compute softmax values for each sets of scores in x."""
    e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x))
    return e_x / e_x.sum()

Next, lets load the word vectors. For this assignment, we will use 50-dimensional GloVe vectors to represent words. Run the following cell to load the word_to_vec_map. glove.6B.50d.txt 可以在 kaggle 上下载 https://www.kaggle.com/devjyotichandra/glove6b50dtxt

words, word_to_vec_map = read_glove_vecs('data/glove.6B.50d.txt')

You’ve loaded:
- words: set of words in the vocabulary.
- word_to_vec_map: dictionary mapping words to their GloVe vector representation. 将单词词典映射到它们的GloVe矢量表示

You’ve seen that one-hot vectors do not do a good job cpaturing what words are similar. GloVe vectors provide much more useful information about the meaning of individual words. Lets now see how you can use GloVe vectors to decide how similar two words are. 如何使用GloVe矢量来确定两个单词的相似程度。

1 - Cosine similarity 余弦相似度

To measure how similar two words are, we need a way to measure the degree of similarity between two embedding vectors for the two words. Given two vectors $u$ and $v$, cosine similarity is defined as follows:

为了测量两个词的相似程度，我们需要一种方法来测量两个词的两个嵌入向量之间的相似程度。

$$\text{CosineSimilarity(u, v)} = \frac {u . v} {||u||_2 ||v||_2} = cos(\theta) \tag{1}$$

where $u.v$ is the dot product (or inner product) of two vectors, $||u||_2$ is the norm (or length) of the vector $u$, and $\theta$ is the angle between $u$ and $v$. This similarity depends on the angle between $u$ and $v$. If $u$ and $v$ are very similar, their cosine similarity will be close to 1; if they are dissimilar, the cosine similarity will take a smaller value.

Figure 1: The cosine of the angle between two vectors is a measure of how similar they are

Exercise: Implement the function cosine_similarity() to evaluate similarity between word vectors.

Reminder: The norm of $u$ is defined as $||u||_2 = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n} u_i^2}$

# GRADED FUNCTION: cosine_similarity

def cosine_similarity(u, v):
    """
    Cosine similarity reflects the degree of similariy between u and v

    Arguments:
        u -- a word vector of shape (n,)          
        v -- a word vector of shape (n,)

    Returns:
        cosine_similarity -- the cosine similarity between u and v defined by the formula above.
    """

    distance = 0.0

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    # Compute the dot product between u and v (≈1 line)
    dot = np.dot(u, v)
    # Compute the L2 norm of u (≈1 line)
    norm_u = np.sqrt(np.sum(np.square(u), axis=0))

    # Compute the L2 norm of v (≈1 line)
    norm_v = np.sqrt(np.sum(np.square(v), axis=0))
    # Compute the cosine similarity defined by formula (1) (≈1 line)
    cosine_similarity = dot/(norm_u * norm_v)
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    return cosine_similarity

father = word_to_vec_map["father"]
mother = word_to_vec_map["mother"]
ball = word_to_vec_map["ball"]
crocodile = word_to_vec_map["crocodile"]
france = word_to_vec_map["france"]
italy = word_to_vec_map["italy"]
paris = word_to_vec_map["paris"]
rome = word_to_vec_map["rome"]

print("cosine_similarity(father, mother) = ", cosine_similarity(father, mother))
print("cosine_similarity(ball, crocodile) = ",cosine_similarity(ball, crocodile))
print("cosine_similarity(france - paris, rome - italy) = ",cosine_similarity(france - paris, rome - italy))

cosine_similarity(father, mother) =  0.8909038442893615
cosine_similarity(ball, crocodile) =  0.2743924626137942
cosine_similarity(france - paris, rome - italy) =  -0.6751479308174201

Expected Output:

**cosine_similarity(father, mother)** =	0.890903844289
**cosine_similarity(ball, crocodile)** =	0.274392462614
**cosine_similarity(france - paris, rome - italy)** =	-0.675147930817

After you get the correct expected output, please feel free to modify the inputs and measure the cosine similarity between other pairs of words! Playing around the cosine similarity of other inputs will give you a better sense of how word vectors behave.

2 - Word analogy task

In the word analogy task, we complete the sentence “a is to b as c is to __”. An example is ‘man is to woman as king is to queen’ . In detail, we are trying to find a word d, such that the associated word vectors $e_a, e_b, e_c, e_d$ are related in the following manner: $e_b - e_a \approx e_d - e_c$. We will measure the similarity between $e_b - e_a$ and $e_d - e_c$ using cosine similarity.

Exercise: Complete the code below to be able to perform word analogies!

# GRADED FUNCTION: complete_analogy

def complete_analogy(word_a, word_b, word_c, word_to_vec_map):
    """
    Performs the word analogy task as explained above: a is to b as c is to ____. 

    Arguments:
    word_a -- a word, string
    word_b -- a word, string
    word_c -- a word, string
    word_to_vec_map -- dictionary that maps words to their corresponding vectors. 

    Returns:
    best_word --  the word such that v_b - v_a is close to v_best_word - v_c, as measured by cosine similarity
    """

    # convert words to lower case
    word_a, word_b, word_c = word_a.lower(), word_b.lower(), word_c.lower()

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    # Get the word embeddings v_a, v_b and v_c (≈1-3 lines)
    e_a, e_b, e_c = word_to_vec_map[word_a], word_to_vec_map[word_b], word_to_vec_map[word_c]
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    words = word_to_vec_map.keys()
    max_cosine_sim = -100              # Initialize max_cosine_sim to a large negative number
    best_word = None                   # Initialize best_word with None, it will help keep track of the word to output

    # loop over the whole word vector set
    for w in words:        
        # to avoid best_word being one of the input words, pass on them.
        if w in [word_a, word_b, word_c] :
            continue

        ### START CODE HERE ###
        # Compute cosine similarity between the vector (e_b - e_a) and the vector ((w's vector representation) - e_c)  (≈1 line)
        cosine_sim = cosine_similarity(e_b - e_a, word_to_vec_map[w] - e_c)

        # If the cosine_sim is more than the max_cosine_sim seen so far,
            # then: set the new max_cosine_sim to the current cosine_sim and the best_word to the current word (≈3 lines)
        if cosine_sim > max_cosine_sim:
            max_cosine_sim = cosine_sim
            best_word = w
        ### END CODE HERE ###

    return best_word

Run the cell below to test your code, this may take 1-2 minutes.

triads_to_try = [('italy', 'italian', 'spain'), ('india', 'delhi', 'japan'), ('man', 'woman', 'boy'), ('small', 'smaller', 'large')]
for triad in triads_to_try:
    print ('{} -> {} :: {} -> {}'.format( *triad, complete_analogy(*triad,word_to_vec_map)))

italy -> italian :: spain -> spanish
india -> delhi :: japan -> tokyo
man -> woman :: boy -> girl
small -> smaller :: large -> larger

triads_to_try = [('italy', 'italian', 'spain'), ('chinese', 'beijing', 'france'), ('man', 'woman', 'boy'), ('small', 'smaller', 'large')]
for triad in triads_to_try:
    print ('{} -> {} :: {} -> {}'.format( *triad, complete_analogy(*triad,word_to_vec_map)))

italy -> italian :: spain -> spanish
chinese -> beijing :: france -> schoenefeld
man -> woman :: boy -> girl
small -> smaller :: large -> larger

中途换过几对词，最终的效果感觉都不是很理想，可能是我选词的不对，亦或是，模型还是存在问题。如改变中间的词，中国-北京： 法国 输出居然是 舍内费尔德（德国）

Expected Output:

**italy -> italian** ::	spain -> spanish
**india -> delhi** ::	japan -> tokyo
**man -> woman ** ::	boy -> girl
**small -> smaller ** ::	large -> larger

Once you get the correct expected output, please feel free to modify the input cells above to test your own analogies. Try to find some other analogy pairs that do work, but also find some where the algorithm doesn’t give the right answer: For example, you can try small->smaller as big->?.

Congratulations!

You’ve come to the end of this assignment. Here are the main points you should remember:

• Cosine similarity a good way to compare similarity between pairs of word vectors. (Though L2 distance works too.)
• For NLP applications, using a pre-trained set of word vectors from the internet is often a good way to get started.

Even though you have finished the graded portions, we recommend you take a look too at the rest of this notebook.

Congratulations on finishing the graded portions of this notebook!

3 - Debiasing word vectors (OPTIONAL/UNGRADED)

In the following exercise, you will examine gender biases that can be reflected in a word embedding, and explore algorithms for reducing the bias. In addition to learning about the topic of debiasing, this exercise will also help hone your intuition about what word vectors are doing. This section involves a bit of linear algebra, though you can probably complete it even without being expert in linear algebra, and we encourage you to give it a shot. This portion of the notebook is optional and is not graded.

Lets first see how the GloVe word embeddings relate to gender. You will first compute a vector $g = e_{woman}-e_{man}$, where $e_{woman}$ represents the word vector corresponding to the word woman, and $e_{man}$ corresponds to the word vector corresponding to the word man. The resulting vector $g$ roughly encodes the concept of “gender”. (You might get a more accurate representation if you compute $g_1 = e_{mother}-e_{father}$, $g_2 = e_{girl}-e_{boy}$, etc. and average over them. But just using $e_{woman}-e_{man}$ will give good enough results for now.)

g = word_to_vec_map['woman'] - word_to_vec_map['man']
print(g)

[-0.087144    0.2182     -0.40986    -0.03922    -0.1032      0.94165
 -0.06042     0.32988     0.46144    -0.35962     0.31102    -0.86824
  0.96006     0.01073     0.24337     0.08193    -1.02722    -0.21122
  0.695044   -0.00222     0.29106     0.5053     -0.099454    0.40445
  0.30181     0.1355     -0.0606     -0.07131    -0.19245    -0.06115
 -0.3204      0.07165    -0.13337    -0.25068714 -0.14293    -0.224957
 -0.149       0.048882    0.12191    -0.27362    -0.165476   -0.20426
  0.54376    -0.271425   -0.10245    -0.32108     0.2516     -0.33455
 -0.04371     0.01258   ]

Now, you will consider the cosine similarity of different words with $g$. Consider what a positive value of similarity means vs a negative cosine similarity.

print ('List of names and their similarities with constructed vector:')

# girls and boys name
name_list = ['john', 'marie', 'sophie', 'ronaldo', 'priya', 'rahul', 'danielle', 'reza', 'katy', 'yasmin']

for w in name_list:
    print (w, cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map[w], g))

List of names and their similarities with constructed vector:
john -0.23163356145973724
marie 0.315597935396073
sophie 0.31868789859418784
ronaldo -0.31244796850329437
priya 0.17632041839009405
rahul -0.16915471039231722
danielle 0.24393299216283895
reza -0.07930429672199553
katy 0.28310686595726153
yasmin 0.23313857767928758

As you can see, female first names tend to have a positive cosine similarity with our constructed vector $g$, while male first names tend to have a negative cosine similarity. This is not suprising, and the result seems acceptable.

正如你所看到的，女性名字往往与我们构造的向量$g$有正余弦相似性，而男性名字往往有一个负余弦相似性。 这并不令人惊讶，其结果似乎可以接受。

g = word_to_vec_map[‘woman’] - word_to_vec_map[‘man’]

But let’s try with some other words.

print('Other words and their similarities:')
word_list = ['lipstick', 'guns', 'science', 'arts', 'literature', 'warrior','doctor', 'tree', 'receptionist', 
             'technology',  'fashion', 'teacher', 'engineer', 'pilot', 'computer', 'singer']
for w in word_list:
    print (w, cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map[w], g))

Other words and their similarities:
lipstick 0.27691916256382665
guns -0.1888485567898898
science -0.06082906540929699
arts 0.008189312385880328
literature 0.06472504433459932
warrior -0.20920164641125288
doctor 0.11895289410935041
tree -0.0708939917547809
receptionist 0.3307794175059374
technology -0.13193732447554302
fashion 0.03563894625772698
teacher 0.1792092343182567
engineer -0.08039280494524069
pilot 0.0010764498991916846
computer -0.10330358873850495
singer 0.18500518136496294

Do you notice anything surprising? It is astonishing how these results reflect certain unhealthy gender stereotypes. For example, “computer” is closer to “man” while “literature” is closer to “woman”. Ouch!

你注意到有什么令人惊讶的吗？ 这些结果如何反映某些不健康的性别刻板印象令人惊讶。 例如，“电脑”更接近“男人”，而“文学”更接近“女人”。 哎哟!

We’ll see below how to reduce the bias of these vectors, using an algorithm due to Boliukbasi et al., 2016. Note that some word pairs such as “actor”/”actress” or “grandmother”/”grandfather” should remain gender specific, while other words such as “receptionist” or “technology” should be neutralized, i.e. not be gender-related. You will have to treat these two type of words differently when debiasing.

3.1 - Neutralize bias for non-gender specific words 中和 对非性别特定词汇的偏见

The figure below should help you visualize what neutralizing does. If you’re using a 50-dimensional word embedding, the 50 dimensional space can be split into two parts: The bias-direction $g$, and the remaining 49 dimensions, which we’ll call $g_{\perp}$. In linear algebra, we say that the 49 dimensional $g_{\perp}$ is perpendicular (or “othogonal”) to $g$, meaning it is at 90 degrees to $g$. The neutralization step takes a vector such as $e_{receptionist}$ and zeros out the component in the direction of $g$, giving us $e_{receptionist}^{debiased}$.

Even though $g_{\perp}$ is 49 dimensional, given the limitations of what we can draw on a screen, we illustrate it using a 1 dimensional axis below.

Figure 2: The word vector for “receptionist” represented before and after applying the neutralize operation.

Exercise: Implement neutralize() to remove the bias of words such as “receptionist” or “scientist”. 实现“中和”来去除诸如“接待员”或“科学家”等词语的偏见。 Given an input embedding $e$, you can use the following formulas to compute $e^{debiased}$:

$$e^{bias\_component} = \frac{e \cdot g}{||g||_2^2} * g\tag{2}$$
$$e^{debiased} = e - e^{bias\_component}\tag{3}$$

If you are an expert in linear algebra, you may recognize $e^{bias\_component}$ as the projection of $e$ onto the direction $g$. If you’re not an expert in linear algebra, don’t worry about this.

def neutralize(word, g, word_to_vec_map):
    """
    Removes the bias of "word" by projecting it on the space orthogonal 正交 to the bias axis. 
    This function ensures that gender neutral words are zero in the gender subspace.

    Arguments:
        word -- string indicating the word to debias
        g -- numpy-array of shape (50,), corresponding to the bias axis (such as gender)
        word_to_vec_map -- dictionary mapping words to their corresponding vectors.

    Returns:
        e_debiased -- neutralized word vector representation of the input "word"
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    # Select word vector representation of "word". Use word_to_vec_map. (≈ 1 line)
    e = word_to_vec_map[word]

    # Compute e_biascomponent using the formula give above. (≈ 1 line)
    e_biascomponent = (np.dot(e, g) * g)/np.dot(g, g)

    # Neutralize e by substracting e_biascomponent from it 
    # e_debiased should be equal to its orthogonal projection. 应该等于它的正交投影(≈ 1 line)
    e_debiased = e - e_biascomponent
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    return e_debiased

e = "receptionist"
print("cosine similarity between " + e + " and g, before neutralizing: ", cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map["receptionist"], g))

e_debiased = neutralize("receptionist", g, word_to_vec_map)
print("cosine similarity between " + e + " and g, after neutralizing: ", cosine_similarity(e_debiased, g))

cosine similarity between receptionist and g, before neutralizing:  0.3307794175059374
cosine similarity between receptionist and g, after neutralizing:  -9.108359793092229e-17

Expected Output: The second result is essentially 0, up to numerical roundof (on the order of $10^{-17}$).

**cosine similarity between receptionist and g, before neutralizing:** :	0.330779417506
**cosine similarity between receptionist and g, after neutralizing:** :	-3.26732746085e-17

3.2 - Equalization algorithm for gender-specific words 针对性别特定词汇的均衡算法

Next, lets see how debiasing can also be applied to word pairs such as “actress” and “actor.” Equalization is applied to pairs of words that you might want to have differ only through the gender property. As a concrete example, suppose that “actress” is closer to “babysit” than “actor.” By applying neutralizing to “babysit” we can reduce the gender-stereotype associated with babysitting. But this still does not guarantee that “actor” and “actress” are equidistant from “babysit.” The equalization algorithm takes care of this.

接下来，让我们看看如何去偏也可以应用到单词对，如“女演员”和“演员”。 均衡适用于您可能希望仅通过性别属性不同的单词对。 举一个具体的例子，假设“女演员”比“演员”更接近“保姆”。 通过将中和应用于“保姆”，我们可以减少与保姆相关的性别刻板印象。 但是这仍然不能保证“演员”和“女演员”与“保姆”等距。 均衡算法负责这一点。

The key idea behind equalization is to make sure that a particular pair of words are equi-distant from the 49-dimensional $g_\perp$. The equalization step also ensures that the two equalized steps are now the same distance from $e_{receptionist}^{debiased}$, or from any other work that has been neutralized. In pictures, this is how equalization works:

均衡背后的关键思想是确保一对特定的单词与 49 维 $g_\perp$ 等距。 均衡步骤还可以确保两个均衡步骤现在与$e_{receptionist}^{debiased}$的距离相同，或者来自任何其他已被中和的作品。 在图片中，这就是均衡的工作原理：

The derivation of the linear algebra to do this is a bit more complex. (See Bolukbasi et al., 2016 for details.) But the key equations are:

$$\mu = \frac{e_{w1} + e_{w2}}{2}\tag{4}$$

$$\mu_{B} = \frac {\mu \cdot \text{bias_axis}}{||\text{bias_axis}||_2^2} *\text{bias_axis} \tag{5}$$

$$\mu_{\perp} = \mu - \mu_{B} \tag{6}$$

$$e_{w1B} = \frac {e_{w1} \cdot \text{bias_axis}}{||\text{bias_axis}||_2^2} *\text{bias_axis} \tag{7}$$
$$e_{w2B} = \frac {e_{w2} \cdot \text{bias_axis}}{||\text{bias_axis}||_2^2} *\text{bias_axis} \tag{8}$$

$$e_{w1B}^{corrected} = \sqrt{ |{1 - ||\mu_{\perp} ||^2_2} |} * \frac{e_{\text{w1B}} - \mu_B} {|(e_{w1} - \mu_{\perp}) - \mu_B)|} \tag{9}$$

$$e_{w2B}^{corrected} = \sqrt{ |{1 - ||\mu_{\perp} ||^2_2} |} * \frac{e_{\text{w2B}} - \mu_B} {|(e_{w2} - \mu_{\perp}) - \mu_B)|} \tag{10}$$

$$e_1 = e_{w1B}^{corrected} + \mu_{\perp} \tag{11}$$
$$e_2 = e_{w2B}^{corrected} + \mu_{\perp} \tag{12}$$

Exercise: Implement the function below. Use the equations above to get the final equalized version of the pair of words. Good luck!

def equalize(pair, bias_axis, word_to_vec_map):
    """
    Debias gender specific words by following the equalize method described in the figure above.

    Arguments:
    pair -- pair of strings of gender specific words to debias, e.g. ("actress", "actor") 
    bias_axis -- numpy-array of shape (50,), vector corresponding to the bias axis, e.g. gender
    word_to_vec_map -- dictionary mapping words to their corresponding vectors

    Returns
    e_1 -- word vector corresponding to the first word
    e_2 -- word vector corresponding to the second word
    """

    ### START CODE HERE ###
    # Step 1: Select word vector representation of "word". Use word_to_vec_map. (≈ 2 lines)
    w1, w2 = pair
    e_w1, e_w2 = word_to_vec_map[w1], word_to_vec_map[w2]

    # Step 2: Compute the mean of e_w1 and e_w2 (≈ 1 line)
    mu = (e_w1+e_w2)/2

    # Step 3: Compute the projections of mu over the bias axis and the orthogonal axis (≈ 2 lines)
    mu_B = (np.dot(mu, bias_axis) * bias_axis)/np.dot(bias_axis, bias_axis)
    mu_orth = mu - mu_B

    # Step 4: Use equations (7) and (8) to compute e_w1B and e_w2B (≈2 lines)
    e_w1B = (np.dot(e_w1, bias_axis)* bias_axis)/np.dot(bias_axis, bias_axis)
    e_w2B = (np.dot(e_w2, bias_axis)* bias_axis)/np.dot(bias_axis, bias_axis)

    # Step 5: Adjust the Bias part of e_w1B and e_w2B using the formulas (9) and (10) given above (≈2 lines)
    corrected_e_w1B = np.sqrt(np.abs(1 - np.dot(mu_orth, mu_orth)))*(e_w1B - mu_B)/np.linalg.norm(e_w1 - mu_orth - mu_B)
    corrected_e_w2B = np.sqrt(np.abs(1 - np.dot(mu_orth, mu_orth)))*(e_w2B - mu_B)/np.linalg.norm(e_w2 - mu_orth - mu_B)

    # Step 6: Debias by equalizing e1 and e2 to the sum of their corrected projections (≈2 lines)
    e1 = corrected_e_w1B + mu_orth
    e2 = corrected_e_w2B + mu_orth

    ### END CODE HERE ###

    return e1, e2

print("cosine similarities before equalizing:")
print("cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map[\"man\"], gender) = ", cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map["man"], g))
print("cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map[\"woman\"], gender) = ", cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map["woman"], g))
print()
e1, e2 = equalize(("man", "woman"), g, word_to_vec_map)
print("cosine similarities after equalizing:")
print("cosine_similarity(e1, gender) = ", cosine_similarity(e1, g))
print("cosine_similarity(e2, gender) = ", cosine_similarity(e2, g))

cosine similarities before equalizing:
cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map["man"], gender) =  -0.11711095765336833
cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map["woman"], gender) =  0.35666618846270376

cosine similarities after equalizing:
cosine_similarity(e1, gender) =  -0.7004364289309388
cosine_similarity(e2, gender) =  0.7004364289309387

Expected Output:

cosine similarities before equalizing:

**cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map[“man”], gender)** =	-0.117110957653
**cosine_similarity(word_to_vec_map[“woman”], gender)** =	0.356666188463

cosine similarities after equalizing:

**cosine_similarity(u1, gender)** =	-0.700436428931
**cosine_similarity(u2, gender)** =	0.700436428931

Please feel free to play with the input words in the cell above, to apply equalization to other pairs of words.

These debiasing algorithms are very helpful for reducing bias, but are not perfect and do not eliminate all traces of bias. For example, one weakness of this implementation was that the bias direction $g$ was defined using only the pair of words woman and man. As discussed earlier, if $g$ were defined by computing $g_1 = e_{woman} - e_{man}$; $g_2 = e_{mother} - e_{father}$; $g_3 = e_{girl} - e_{boy}$; and so on and averaging over them, you would obtain a better estimate of the “gender” dimension in the 50 dimensional word embedding space. Feel free to play with such variants as well.

Congratulations

You have come to the end of this notebook, and have seen a lot of the ways that word vectors can be used as well as modified.

Congratulations on finishing this notebook!

References:
- The debiasing algorithm is from Bolukbasi et al., 2016, Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to
Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings
- The GloVe word embeddings were due to Jeffrey Pennington, Richard Socher, and Christopher D. Manning. (https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/)