IT项目管理-总结与整理

本文章为结合实践经验和课程所学的总结,包含相关术语的定义与解释。
为了相关术语的准确，这里笔者不再手动将整理内容翻译成英文。

如何定义什么是项目及其与运营的区别

A project is “a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result".

Operations is work done to sustain the business.

项目的属性有什么?

A project

1. has a unique purpose
2. is temporary
3. is developed using progressive elaboration
4. requires resources, often from various areas
5. should have a primary customer or sponsor
   The project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for the project.
6. involves uncertainty

什么是项目管理?

Project management is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.

我们如何定义一个项目成功了?

There are several ways to define project success:

1. The project met scope, time, and cost goals
2. The project satisfied the customer/sponsor
3. The results of the project met its main objective, such as making or saving a certain amount of money, providing a good return on investment, or simply making the sponsors happy.

项目经理作为项目成功的关键，他们需要什么技能?

1. People skills
2. Leadership
3. Listening
4. Integrity, ethical behavior, consistent
5. Strong at building trust
6. Verbal communication
7. Strong at building teams
8. Conflict resolution, conflict management
9. Critical thinking, problem solving
10. Understands, balances priorities

项目经理建议学习的技能

1. The Project Management Body of Knowledge
2. Application area knowledge, standards, and regulations
3. Project environment knowledge
4. General management knowledge and skills
5. Soft skills or human relations skills

什么是项目管理中的三重约束? 它与项目成功有什么关系?

1. Scope goal
2. Cost goal
3. Time goal

Successful project management means meeting all three goals and satisfying the project’s sponsor.

项目管理框架中的10个知识领域

这个10个知识领域描述项目经理必须开发的关键能力：

1. Project Integration management
2. Human resource management
3. Scope management
4. Communication management
5. Time management
6. Risk management
7. Cost management
8. Procurement management
9. Quality management
10. Stakeholder management

项目管理的系统视图

A system approach:
a more analytical approach to management and problem solving.
Three parts include:

1. Systems philosophy: an overall model for thinking about things as systems.
2. Systems analysis: problem-solving approach.
3. Systems management: address business, technological, and organizational issues before making changes to systems.

项目与整个组织的关系

系统管理的三个领域模型:业务、组织、技术:

3个基本的组织结构

1. Functional: functional managers report to the CEO
2. Project: program managers report to the CEO
3. Matrix: middle ground between functional and project structures; personnel often report to two or more bosses; structure can be weak, balanced, or strong matrix.

公司文化影响其管理项目的能力

Organizational culture is a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.
许多专家认为，许多公司问题的根本原因不是结构或员工，而是文化。

公司文化很重要。

公司文化的十大特征

1. Member identity*
   The degree to which employees identify with the organisation as a whole

2. Group emphasis*
   The degree to which work activities are organized around groups or teams.

3. People focus
   The degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people.

4. Unit integration*
   The degree to which units/departments within an organisation are encouraged to coordinate with each other

5. Control
   The degree to which rules, policies and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behaviour

6. Risk tolerance*
   The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative and risk seeking.

7. Reward criteria*
   The degree to which rewards such as promotions and salary increases are allocated along employee performance.

8. Conflict tolerance*
   The degree to which employees are encouraged to air conflicts and criticism openly.

9. Means-ends orientation
   The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than techniques and processes used to achieve results.

10. Open-systems focus*
    The degree to which the organisation monitors and responds to changes in the external environment.
    其中加星号的是笔者认为比较重要的。

IT项目管理最近的趋势影响：全球化，外包、虚拟团队存在的问题和建议

1. Globalization
   Issues
   1Communications 2Trust 3Common work practices 4Tools
   Sugg