目录
不定积分
1. 概念和性质
- 概念:设 F ( x ) F(x) F(x) 时 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 的一个原函数,则称 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 的所有原函数 F ( x ) + C F(x)+C F(x)+C 为 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 的不定积分,记为 ∫ f ( x ) d x \int f(x)dx ∫f(x)dx,即 ∫ f ( x ) d x = F ( x ) + C \int f(x)dx=F(x)+C ∫f(x)dx=F(x)+C
- 性质: d d x ∫ f ( x ) d x = f ( x ) , ∫ d f ( x ) = ∫ f ′ ( x ) d x = f ( x ) + C \frac{d}{dx} \int f(x)dx=f(x),\int df(x)=\int f^{'}(x)dx=f(x)+C dxd∫f(x)dx=f(x),∫df(x)=∫f′(x)dx=f(x)+C
2. 基本公式
-
∫ x α d x = 1 α + 1 x α + 1 + C , ∫ 1 x 2 d x = − 1 x + C , ∫ 1 x d x = 2 x + C , ∫ 1 x d x = ln ∣ x ∣ + C \int x^{α}dx=\frac{1}{α+1}x^{α+1} + C, \int \frac{1}{x^2}dx=-\frac{1}{x}+C, \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}dx=2\sqrt{x} +C, \int \frac{1}{x}dx = \ln|x|+C ∫xαdx=α+11xα+1+C,∫x21dx=−x1+C,∫x1dx=2x+C,∫x1dx=ln∣x∣+C
-
∫ tan x d x = − ln ∣ cos x ∣ + C , ∫ sec x d x = ln ∣ sec x + tan x ∣ + C \int \tan x dx = -\ln|\cos x|+C, \int \sec x dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x|+C ∫tanxdx=−ln∣cosx∣+C,∫secxdx=ln∣secx+tanx∣+C ∫ sec 2 x d x = tan x + C , ∫ sec x tan x d x = sec x + C \int \sec^{2} x dx = \tan x+C, \int \sec x \tan xdx = \sec x+C ∫sec2xdx=tanx+C,∫secxtanxdx=secx+C
-
∫ 1 a 2 + x 2 = 1 a a r c t a n x a + C , ∫ 1 a 2 − x 2 d x = 1 2 a ln ∣ a + x a − x ∣ + C \int \frac{1}{a^2+x^2} = \frac{1}{a}arctan\frac{x}{a}+C,\int \frac{1}{a^2-x^2} dx = \frac{1}{2a}\ln |\frac{a+x}{a-x}| + C ∫a2+x21=a1arctanax+C,∫a2−x21dx=2a1ln∣a−xa+x∣+C
-
∫ 1 a 2 − x 2 = arcsin x a + C , ∫ 1 x 2 ± a 2 d x = ln ∣ x + x 2 ± a 2 ∣ + C \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2} } = \arcsin \frac{x}{a} + C,\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{ x^2 ± a^2} }dx=\ln |x + \sqrt{x^2±a^2}|+C ∫a2−x21=arcsinax+C,∫x2±a21dx=ln∣x+x2±a2∣+C
3. 凑微分法
概念:设 F ( ϕ ( x ) ) F(\phi(x)) F(ϕ(x)) 是 f ( ϕ ( x ) ) f(\phi(x)) f(ϕ(x)) 的一个原函数,则 ∫ f [ ϕ ( x ) ] ϕ ′ ( x ) d x = ∫ f [ ϕ ( x ) ] d ϕ ( x ) = F ( ϕ ( x ) ) + C \int f[\phi(x)]\phi^{'}(x)dx=\int f[\phi(x)]d\phi(x) =F(\phi(x))+C ∫f[ϕ(x)]ϕ′(x)dx=∫f[ϕ(x)]dϕ(x)=F(ϕ(x))+C
公式:
-
∫ f ( a x + b ) d x = 1 a ∫ f ( a x + b ) d ( a x + b ) , ∫ 1 x f ( ln x ) d x = ∫ f ( ln x ) d ( ln x ) \int f(ax+b)dx = \frac{1}{a} \int f(ax+b)d(ax+b), \int \frac{1}{x} f(\ln x)dx = \int f(\ln x)d (\ln x) ∫f(ax+b)dx=a1∫f(ax+b)d(ax+b),∫x1f(lnx)dx=∫f(lnx)d(lnx)
-
∫ x n − 1 f ( a x n + b ) d x = 1 a n ∫ f ( a x n + b ) d ( a x n + b ) \int x^{n-1} f(ax^{n}+b)dx = \frac{1}{an} \int f(ax^{n}+b)d(ax^{n}+b) ∫xn−1f(axn+b)dx=an1∫f(axn+b)d(axn+b) 特 别 地 , ∫ 1 x 2 f ( 1 x ) d x = − ∫ f ( 1 x ) d ( 1 x ) , ∫ 1 x f ( x ) d x = 2 ∫ f ( x ) d ( x ) 特别地, \int \frac{1}{x^2} f(\frac{1}{x})dx = - \int f(\frac{1}{x})d (\frac{1}{x} ), \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} f(\sqrt{x})dx = 2 \int f(\sqrt{x} )d (\sqrt{x} ) 特别地,∫x21f(x1)dx=−∫f(x1)d(x1),∫x