机器学习(二):决策树算法
算法介绍
决策树算法是一种逼近离散函数值的方法。它是一种典型的分类方法,首先对数据进行处理,利用归纳算法生成可读的规则和决策树,然后使用决策对新数据进行分析。本质上决策树是通过一系列规则对数据进行分类的过程。
决策树方法最早产生于上世纪60年代,到70年代末。由J Ross Quinlan提出了ID3算法,此算法的目的在于减少树的深度。但是忽略了叶子数目的研究。C4.5算法在ID3算法的基础上进行了改进,对于预测变量的缺值处理、剪枝技术、派生规则等方面作了较大改进,既适合于分类问题,又适合于回归问题。
决策树算法构造决策树来发现数据中蕴涵的分类规则.如何构造精度高、规模小的决策树是决策树算法的核心内容。决策树构造可以分两步进行。第一步,决策树的生成:由训练样本集生成决策树的过程。一般情况下,训练样本数据集是根据实际需要有历史的、有一定综合程度的,用于数据分析处理的数据集。第二步,决策树的剪枝:决策树的剪枝是对上一阶段生成的决策树进行检验、校正和修下的过程,主要是用新的样本数据集(称为测试数据集)中的数据校验决策树生成过程中产生的初步规则,将那些影响预衡准确性的分枝剪除。
算法示例
决策树的一般流程
(1)收集数据:可以使用任何方法。
(2)准备数据:树构造算法只适用于标称型数据,因此数值型数据必须离散化。
(3)分析数据:可以使用任何方法,构造树完成之后,我们应该检查图形是否符合预期。
(4)训练算法:构造树的数据结构。
(5)测试算法:使用经验树计算错误率。
(6)使用算法:此步骤可以适用于任何监督学习算法,而使用决策树可以更好地理解数据
的内在含义。
符号
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(xi) 的信息定义为
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l(x_{i}) = -\log_2p(x_{i})
l(xi)=−log2p(xi)
信息熵计算公式
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H = -\sum_{i=1}^{n}P(x_{i})\log_2p(x_{i})
H=−i=1∑nP(xi)log2p(xi)
python 实现香农公式
def calcShannonEnt(dataSet):
numEntries = len(dataSet)
labelCounts = {}
for featVec in dataSet: #the the number of unique elements and their occurance
currentLabel = featVec[-1]
if currentLabel not in labelCounts.keys(): labelCounts[currentLabel] = 0
labelCounts[currentLabel] += 1
shannonEnt = 0.0
for key in labelCounts:
prob = float(labelCounts[key])/numEntries
shannonEnt -= prob * log(prob,2) #log base 2
return shannonEnt
决策树实现海洋生物分类的示例
createDataSet()函数得到的简单鱼鉴定数据集
def createDataSet():
dataSet = [[1, 1, 'yes'],
[1, 1, 'yes'],
[1, 0, 'no'],
[0, 1, 'no'],
[0, 1, 'no']]
labels = ['no surfacing','flippers']
#change to discrete values
return dataSet, labels
splitDataSet()划分数据集
def splitDataSet(dataSet, axis, value):
retDataSet = []
for featVec in dataSet:
if featVec[axis] == value:
reducedFeatVec = featVec[:axis] #chop out axis used for splitting
reducedFeatVec.extend(featVec[axis+1:])
retDataSet.append(reducedFeatVec)
return retDataSet
chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet)实现选取特征,计算出最好的划分数据集特征
def chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet):
numFeatures = len(dataSet[0]) - 1 #the last column is used for the labels
baseEntropy = calcShannonEnt(dataSet)
bestInfoGain = 0.0; bestFeature = -1
for i in range(numFeatures): #iterate over all the features
featList = [example[i] for example in dataSet]#create a list of all the examples of this feature
uniqueVals = set(featList) #get a set of unique values
newEntropy = 0.0
for value in uniqueVals:
subDataSet = splitDataSet(dataSet, i, value)
prob = len(subDataSet)/float(len(dataSet))
newEntropy += prob * calcShannonEnt(subDataSet)
infoGain = baseEntropy - newEntropy #calculate the info gain; ie reduction in entropy
if (infoGain > bestInfoGain): #compare this to the best gain so far
bestInfoGain = infoGain #if better than current best, set to best
bestFeature = i
return bestFeature
类标签不唯一的情况下,通过多数表决的决的方法决定该叶子节点的分类
def majorityCnt(classList):
classCount={}
for vote in classList:
if vote not in classCount.keys(): classCount[vote] = 0
classCount[vote] += 1
sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.iteritems(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
return sortedClassCount[0][0]
生成决策树
def createTree(dataSet,labels):
classList = [example[-1] for example in dataSet]
if classList.count(classList[0]) == len(classList):
return classList[0]#stop splitting when all of the classes are equal
if len(dataSet[0]) == 1: #stop splitting when there are no more features in dataSet
return majorityCnt(classList)
bestFeat = chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet)
bestFeatLabel = labels[bestFeat]
myTree = {bestFeatLabel:{}}
del(labels[bestFeat])
featValues = [example[bestFeat] for example in dataSet]
uniqueVals = set(featValues)
for value in uniqueVals:
subLabels = labels[:] #copy all of labels, so trees don't mess up existing labels
myTree[bestFeatLabel][value] = createTree(splitDataSet(dataSet, bestFeat, value),subLabels)
return myTree
测试数据得到输出结果
if __name__ == '__main__':
dataSet,labels = createDataSet()
print createTree(dataSet, labels)
{'no surfacing': {0: 'no', 1: {'flippers': {0: 'no', 1: 'yes'}}}} #输出结果
Matplotlib注解绘制树形图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
decisionNode = dict(boxstyle="sawtooth", fc="0.8")
leafNode = dict(boxstyle="round4", fc="0.8")
arrow_args = dict(arrowstyle="<-")
#得到叶子节点的数目
def getNumLeafs(myTree):
numLeafs = 0
firstStr = myTree.keys()[0]
secondDict = myTree[firstStr]
for key in secondDict.keys():
if type(secondDict[key]).__name__=='dict':#test to see if the nodes are dictonaires, if not they are leaf nodes
numLeafs += getNumLeafs(secondDict[key])
else: numLeafs +=1
return numLeafs
#得到树的层数
def getTreeDepth(myTree):
maxDepth = 0
firstStr = myTree.keys()[0]
secondDict = myTree[firstStr]
for key in secondDict.keys():
if type(secondDict[key]).__name__=='dict':#test to see if the nodes are dictonaires, if not they are leaf nodes
thisDepth = 1 + getTreeDepth(secondDict[key])
else: thisDepth = 1
if thisDepth > maxDepth: maxDepth = thisDepth
return maxDepth
# 绘制带箭头的注解
def plotNode(nodeTxt, centerPt, parentPt, nodeType):
createPlot.ax1.annotate(nodeTxt, xy=parentPt, xycoords='axes fraction',
xytext=centerPt, textcoords='axes fraction',
va="center", ha="center", bbox=nodeType, arrowprops=arrow_args )
# 父与子节点之间填充文本信息
def plotMidText(cntrPt, parentPt, txtString):
xMid = (parentPt[0]-cntrPt[0])/2.0 + cntrPt[0]
yMid = (parentPt[1]-cntrPt[1])/2.0 + cntrPt[1]
createPlot.ax1.text(xMid, yMid, txtString, va="center", ha="center", rotation=30)
#递归函数用于生成树的具体操作
def plotTree(myTree, parentPt, nodeTxt):#if the first key tells you what feat was split on
numLeafs = getNumLeafs(myTree) #this determines the x width of this tree
depth = getTreeDepth(myTree)
firstStr = myTree.keys()[0] #the text label for this node should be this
cntrPt = (plotTree.xOff + (1.0 + float(numLeafs))/2.0/plotTree.totalW, plotTree.yOff)
plotMidText(cntrPt, parentPt, nodeTxt)
plotNode(firstStr, cntrPt, parentPt, decisionNode)
secondDict = myTree[firstStr]
plotTree.yOff = plotTree.yOff - 1.0/plotTree.totalD
for key in secondDict.keys():
if type(secondDict[key]).__name__=='dict':#test to see if the nodes are dictonaires, if not they are leaf nodes
plotTree(secondDict[key],cntrPt,str(key)) #recursion
else: #it's a leaf node print the leaf node
plotTree.xOff = plotTree.xOff + 1.0/plotTree.totalW
plotNode(secondDict[key], (plotTree.xOff, plotTree.yOff), cntrPt, leafNode)
plotMidText((plotTree.xOff, plotTree.yOff), cntrPt, str(key))
plotTree.yOff = plotTree.yOff + 1.0/plotTree.totalD
#if you do get a dictonary you know it's a tree, and the first element will be another dict
# 建造树的主函数
def createPlot(inTree):
fig = plt.figure(1, facecolor='white')
fig.clf()
axprops = dict(xticks=[], yticks=[])
createPlot.ax1 = plt.subplot(111, frameon=False, **axprops) #no ticks
#createPlot.ax1 = plt.subplot(111, frameon=False) #ticks for demo puropses
plotTree.totalW = float(getNumLeafs(inTree))
plotTree.totalD = float(getTreeDepth(inTree))
plotTree.xOff = -0.5/plotTree.totalW; plotTree.yOff = 1.0;
plotTree(inTree, (0.5,1.0), '')
plt.show()
绘制属性图
if __name__ == '__main__':
dataSet, labels = tree.createDataSet()
mytree = tree.createTree(dataSet, labels)#retrieveTree(0)
createPlot(mytree)
得到的树形图如下:
决策树分类函数
def classify(inputTree,featLabels,testVec):
firstStr = inputTree.keys()[0]
secondDict = inputTree[firstStr]
featIndex = featLabels.index(firstStr)
key = testVec[featIndex]
valueOfFeat = secondDict[key]
if isinstance(valueOfFeat, dict):
classLabel = classify(valueOfFeat, featLabels, testVec)
else: classLabel = valueOfFeat
return classLabel
测试分类功能
if __name__ == '__main__':
dataSet, labels = createDataSet()
mytree = createTree(dataSet, labels)
dataSet, labels = createDataSet()
print classify(mytree,labels,[1,0])
得到正确结果
no
总结
决策树分类器就像带有终止块的流程图,终止块表示分类结果。开始处理数据集时,我们首
先需要测量集合中数据的不一致性,也就是熵,然后寻找最优方案划分数据集,直到数据集中的
所有数据属于同一分类。ID3算法可以用于划分标称型数据集。构建决策树时,我们通常采用递
归的方法将数据集转化为决策树。一般我们并不构造新的数据结构,而是使用python语言内嵌的
数据结构字典存储树节点信息。