本文学习自 狄泰软件学院 唐佐林老师的 C++课程,文中图片源自老师课程PPT。
实验1:函数模板的本质
实验2:多参数函数模板
实验3:重载函数模板
从编译器角度来看,函数模板本身不是函数,它只是一个产生函数的模子,因此函数模板本身是不允许隐式类型转换的!
实验1:函数模板的本质
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
Test(const Test&);//说明 Test类不能拷贝构造
public:
Test()
{
}
};
template < typename T >
void Swap(T& a, T& b)
{
T c = a;
a = b;
b = c;
}
//定义函数类型
typedef void(FuncI)(int&, int&);
typedef void(FuncD)(double&, double&);
typedef void(FuncT)(Test&, Test&);
int main()
{
// 自动推导等价于:FuncI* pi = Swap<int>;用Swap函数初始化pi函数指针,编译器自动推到 T 为 int
FuncI* pi = Swap;
FuncD* pd = Swap; // 编译器自动推导 T 为 double
// FuncT* pt = Swap; // 编译器自动推导 T 为 Test
cout << "pi = " << reinterpret_cast<void*>(pi) << endl;
cout << "pd = " << reinterpret_cast<void*>(pd) << endl;
// cout << "pt = " << reinterpret_cast<void*>(pt) << endl;
return 0;
}
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ g++ 57-1.cpp
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ ./a.out
pi = 0x400964
pd = 0x400991
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$
函数模板的参数类型可以根据实参进行推导,但是无法推导返回值类型,需要显式指定。
实验2:多参数函数模板
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template
< typename T1, typename T2, typename T3 >
T1 Add(T2 a, T3 b)
{
return static_cast<T1>(a + b);
}
int main()
{
// T1 = int, T2 = double, T3 = double
int r1 = Add<int>(0.5, 0.8);
// T1 = double, T2 = float, T3 = double
double r2 = Add<double, float>(0.5, 0.8);
// T1 = float, T2 = float, T3 = float
float r3 = Add<float, float, float>(0.5, 0.8);
cout << "r1 = " << r1 << endl; // r1 = 1
cout << "r2 = " << r2 << endl; // r2 = 1.3
cout << "r3 = " << r3 << endl; // r3 = 1.3
return 0;
}
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ g++ 57-2.cpp
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ ./a.out
r1 = 1
r2 = 1.3
r3 = 1.3
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$
实验3:重载函数模板
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template < typename T >
T Max(T a, T b)
{
cout << "T Max(T a, T b)" << endl;
return a > b ? a : b;
}
int Max(int a, int b)
{
cout << "int Max(int a, int b)" << endl;
return a > b ? a : b;
}
template < typename T >
T Max(T a, T b, T c)
{
cout << "T Max(T a, T b, T c)" << endl;
return Max(Max(a, b), c);
}
int main()
{
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
cout << Max(a, b) << endl; // 普通函数 Max(int, int)
cout << Max<>(a, b) << endl; // Max<int>(int, int)
cout << Max(3.0, 4.0) << endl; // Max<double>(double, double)
cout << Max(5.0, 6.0, 7.0) << endl; // Max<double>(double, double, double)
//函数模板本身不会进行隐式类型转换,故这里调用普通函数
cout << Max('a', 100) << endl; // Max(int, int)
return 0;
}
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ g++ 57-3.cpp
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ ./a.out
int Max(int a, int b)
2
T Max(T a, T b)
2
T Max(T a, T b)
4
T Max(T a, T b, T c)
T Max(T a, T b)
T Max(T a, T b)
7
int Max(int a, int b)
100
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$