In my opinion, it should be better called a trick, because that is not a new system of integral.
Content
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f\in C[0,+\infty),\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow+\infty}f=\alpha.\\ \ \\ \forall b>a>0.\\ \ \\ \int_0^{+\infty}\frac{f(ax)-f(bx)}{x}\text dx=[f(0)-\alpha]\ln\frac ba.
f∈C[0,+∞),x→+∞limf=α. ∀b>a>0. ∫0+∞xf(ax)−f(bx)dx=[f(0)−α]lnab.
Proof:
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\begin{aligned} &\int_{\varepsilon}^{M} \frac{f(a x)}{x} d x-\int_{\varepsilon}^{M} \frac{f(b x)}{x} d x \\ &=\int_{a \varepsilon}^{a M} \frac{f(t)}{t} d t-\int_{b \varepsilon}^{b M} \frac{f(t)}{t} d t \\ &=\int_{a \varepsilon}^{b \varepsilon} \frac{f(t)}{t} d t-\int_{a M}^{b M} \frac{f(t)}{t} d t \\ &=\int_{a}^{b} \frac{f(\varepsilon t)}{\varepsilon t} d \varepsilon t-\int_{a}^{b} \frac{f(M t)}{M t} d M t \\ &=\int_{a}^{b} \frac{f(\varepsilon t)-f(M t)}{t} d t \\ &=(f(0)-\alpha) \int_{a}^{b} \frac{1}{t}=(f(0)-\alpha) \ln \frac{b}{a}. \end{aligned}
∫εMxf(ax)dx−∫εMxf(bx)dx=∫aεaMtf(t)dt−∫bεbMtf(t)dt=∫aεbεtf(t)dt−∫aMbMtf(t)dt=∫abεtf(εt)dεt−∫abMtf(Mt)dMt=∫abtf(εt)−f(Mt)dt=(f(0)−α)∫abt1=(f(0)−α)lnab.
2:
f
∈
C
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0
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+
∞
)
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∫
1
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f
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x
d
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∀
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∫
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∞
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a
x
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−
f
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b
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x
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ln
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f\in C[0,+\infty),\int_1^{+\infty}f(x)/x\text dx\exist.\\ \ \\ \forall b>a>0.\\ \ \\ \int_0^{+\infty}\frac{f(ax)-f(bx)}{x}\text dx=f(0)\ln\frac ba.
f∈C[0,+∞),∫1+∞f(x)/xdx∃. ∀b>a>0. ∫0+∞xf(ax)−f(bx)dx=f(0)lnab.
3:
f
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∫
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lim
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f
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∀
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>
0.
∫
0
+
∞
f
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a
x
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−
f
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b
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d
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−
α
ln
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f\in C(0,+\infty),\int_0^{1}f(x)/x\text dx\exist,\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow+\infty}f=\alpha.\\ \ \\ \forall b>a>0.\\ \ \\ \int_0^{+\infty}\frac{f(ax)-f(bx)}{x}\text dx=-\alpha\ln\frac ba.
f∈C(0,+∞),∫01f(x)/xdx∃,x→+∞limf=α. ∀b>a>0. ∫0+∞xf(ax)−f(bx)dx=−αlnab.
Essence
Pay attention to conditions. What ∫ a b f ( x ) x d x ∃ \int_a^b\frac{f(x)}{x}\text dx\exist ∫abxf(x)dx∃ means?
In perspective of order, we know in [ a , b ] , f ( x ) = o ( 1 ) [a,b],f(x)=o(1) [a,b],f(x)=o(1).
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