习题（二）承自定积分框架，主要涉及积分不等式的运用。
1. 设
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x) 在
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b] 上非负可积，且
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
1
\displaystyle \int_a^b f(x)dx=1
∫abf(x)dx=1，求证
(
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
cos
k
x
d
x
)
2
+
(
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
sin
k
x
d
x
)
2
≤
1
\left(\int_a^bf(x)\cos kx dx\right)^2+\left(\int_a^bf(x)\sin kx dx\right)^2\le 1
(∫abf(x)coskxdx)2+(∫abf(x)sinkxdx)2≤1
证明
由柯西不等式的积分推广得
(
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
cos
k
x
d
x
)
2
=
(
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
cos
k
x
d
x
)
2
≤
(
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
1
)
(
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
cos
2
k
x
d
x
)
=
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
cos
2
k
x
d
x
\begin{aligned} \left(\int_a^bf(x)\cos kx dx\right)^2&=\left(\int_a^b\sqrt{f(x)}\sqrt{f(x)}\cos kx dx\right)^2\\ &\le\left(\int_a^b f(x)dx=1\right)\left(\int_a^bf(x)\cos^2 kx dx\right)\\ &=\int_a^bf(x)\cos^2 kx dx \end{aligned}
(∫abf(x)coskxdx)2=(∫abf(x)f(x)coskxdx)2≤(∫abf(x)dx=1)(∫abf(x)cos2kxdx)=∫abf(x)cos2kxdx
对于
sin
\sin
sin 也有相应的不等式，将两个不等式求和即可证明。
2. 设
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x) 在
[
0
,
1
]
[0,1]
[0,1] 上连续可微，
f
(
0
)
=
f
(
1
)
=
0
f(0)=f(1)=0
f(0)=f(1)=0，求证
(
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
)
2
≤
1
45
∫
0
1
(
f
′
(
x
)
)
2
d
x
\left(\int_0^1xf(x)dx\right)^2\le \frac{1}{45}\int_0^1(f'(x))^2dx
(∫01xf(x)dx)2≤451∫01(f′(x))2dx
证明
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
x
2
f
(
x
)
∣
0
1
−
1
2
∫
0
1
x
2
f
′
(
x
)
=
−
1
2
∫
0
1
x
2
f
′
(
x
)
\begin{aligned} \int_0^1xf(x)dx&=\left.\frac{x}{2}f(x)\right|_0^1-\frac{1}{2}\int_0^1x^2f'(x)\\ &=-\frac{1}{2}\int_0^1x^2f'(x) \end{aligned}
∫01xf(x)dx=2xf(x)∣∣∣01−21∫01x2f′(x)=−21∫01x2f′(x)
任取实数
a
,
b
a,b
a,b 且
b
>
0
b>0
b>0，则有
2
b
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
1
(
a
−
b
x
2
)
f
′
(
x
)
d
x
2b\int_0^1xf(x)dx=\int_0^1(a-bx^2)f'(x)dx
2b∫01xf(x)dx=∫01(a−bx2)f′(x)dx
使用柯西施瓦兹不等式得
4
b
2
(
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
)
2
≤
∫
0
1
(
a
−
b
x
2
)
2
d
x
∫
0
1
(
f
′
(
x
)
)
2
d
x
=
1
15
(
15
a
2
−
10
a
b
+
3
b
2
)
∫
0
1
(
f
′
(
x
)
)
2
d
x
\begin{aligned} 4b^2\left(\int_0^1xf(x)dx\right)^2&\le\int_0^1(a-bx^2)^2dx\int_0^1(f'(x))^2dx\\ &=\frac{1}{15}(15a^2-10ab+3b^2)\int_0^1(f'(x))^2dx \end{aligned}
4b2(∫01xf(x)dx)2≤∫01(a−bx2)2dx∫01(f′(x))2dx=151(15a2−10ab+3b2)∫01(f′(x))2dx
令
c
=
a
b
\displaystyle c = \frac{a}{b}
c=ba，整理后得到
(
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
)
2
≤
1
60
(
15
c
2
−
10
c
+
3
)
∫
0
1
(
f
′
(
x
)
)
2
d
x
\left(\int_0^1xf(x)dx\right)^2\le\frac{1}{60}(15c^2-10c+3)\int_0^1(f'(x))^2dx
(∫01xf(x)dx)2≤601(15c2−10c+3)∫01(f′(x))2dx
上面的不等式对任意实数
c
c
c 都满足，而
min
{
15
c
2
−
10
c
+
3
∣
c
∈
R
}
=
4
3
\displaystyle \min\{15c^2-10c+3|c\in\mathbb{R}\}=\frac{4}{3}
min{15c2−10c+3∣c∈R}=34，故原不等式成立。
证毕。
3. 设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 连续可微，且 f ( 0 ) = f ( 1 ) = 0 f(0)=f(1)=0 f(0)=f(1)=0求证
( 1 ) f 2 ( x ) ≤ 1 4 ∫ 0 1 f ′ ( x ) 2 d x \displaystyle (1)\ f^2(x)\le\frac{1}{4}\int_0^1f'(x)^2dx (1) f2(x)≤41∫01f′(x)2dx
( 2 ) ∫ 0 1 f 2 ( x ) d x ≤ 1 4 ∫ 0 1 f ′ ( x ) 2 d x \displaystyle (2)\ \int_0^1f^2(x)dx\le\frac{1}{4}\int_0^1f'(x)^2dx (2) ∫01f2(x)dx≤41∫01f′(x)2dx
证明
( 1 ) (1) (1)
应用柯西施瓦兹不等式得
f
2
(
x
)
=
(
∫
0
x
f
′
(
t
)
d
t
)
2
≤
∫
0
x
1
2
d
t
∫
0
x
f
′
(
t
)
2
d
t
=
x
∫
0
x
f
′
(
t
)
2
d
t
f^2(x)=\left(\int_0^xf'(t)dt\right)^2\le\int_0^x1^2dt\int_0^xf'(t)^2dt= x\int_0^xf'(t)^2dt
f2(x)=(∫0xf′(t)dt)2≤∫0x12dt∫0xf′(t)2dt=x∫0xf′(t)2dt
以及
f
2
(
x
)
=
(
∫
1
x
f
′
(
t
)
d
t
)
2
≤
(
1
−
x
)
∫
x
1
f
′
(
t
)
2
d
t
f^2(x)=\left(\int_1^xf'(t)dt\right)^2 \le (1-x)\int_x^1f'(t)^2dt
f2(x)=(∫1xf′(t)dt)2≤(1−x)∫x1f′(t)2dt
第一个不等式的右端在
[
0
,
1
]
[0,1]
[0,1] 上单增，第二个不等式的右端在
[
0
,
1
]
[0,1]
[0,1] 上单减，且当
x
=
1
2
x=\frac{1}{2}
x=21 时两个右端均相等，于是
f 2 ( x ) ≤ 1 2 ∫ 0 1 2 f ′ ( t ) 2 d t f^2(x)\le \frac{1}{2}\int_0^{1\over 2}f'(t)^2dt f2(x)≤21∫021f′(t)2dt
f 2 ( x ) ≤ 1 2 ∫ 1 2 1 f ′ ( t ) 2 d t f^2(x)\le \frac{1}{2}\int_{1\over 2}^1f'(t)^2dt f2(x)≤21∫211f′(t)2dt
(
2
)
(2)
(2)
f
2
(
x
)
≤
x
∫
0
1
f
′
(
t
)
2
d
t
f^2(x)\le x\int_0^1f'(t)^2dt
f2(x)≤x∫01f′(t)2dt
f 2 ( x ) ≤ ( 1 − x ) ∫ 0 1 f ′ ( t ) 2 d t f^2(x)\le (1-x)\int_0^1f'(t)^2dt f2(x)≤(1−x)∫01f′(t)2dt
注意到当 x ∈ [ 0 , 0.5 ] x\in[0,0.5] x∈[0,0.5] 时 x ≤ 1 − x x\le 1-x x≤1−x，当 x ∈ [ 0.5 , 1 ] x\in[0.5,1] x∈[0.5,1] 时 1 − x ≤ x 1-x\le x 1−x≤x。
所以对
∫
0
1
f
2
(
x
)
\displaystyle\int_0^1f^2(x)
∫01f2(x) 进行分段估计。
∫
0
1
f
2
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
1
2
f
2
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
1
2
1
f
2
(
x
)
d
x
≤
(
∫
0
1
2
x
d
x
+
∫
1
2
1
(
1
−
x
)
d
x
)
∫
0
1
f
′
(
x
)
2
d
x
=
1
4
∫
0
1
f
′
(
x
)
2
d
x
\begin{aligned} \int_0^1f^2(x)dx&=\int_0^{1\over 2}f^2(x)dx+\int_{1\over 2}^1f^2(x)dx\\ &\le\left(\int_0^{1\over2}xdx+\int_{1\over2}^1(1-x)dx\right)\int_0^1f'(x)^2dx\\ &=\frac{1}{4}\int_0^1f'(x)^2dx \end{aligned}
∫01f2(x)dx=∫021f2(x)dx+∫211f2(x)dx≤(∫021xdx+∫211(1−x)dx)∫01f′(x)2dx=41∫01f′(x)2dx
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